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瑞典大步迈向化石燃料零使用国

2017-07-26 08:30:07   中国经济网

瑞典向来重视对可持续绿色能源的开发,并致力于不断向更高绿色能源供给比例的方向挺进。由绿色环境党参与联合执政的本届瑞典政府,更是向这个方向大步迈进。不久前,瑞典首相勒文明确宣布,瑞典将通过不懈努力,加速成为“全球首个化石燃料零使用的福利国家”。

上世纪70年代的石油危机,成为瑞典决心向可持续绿色能源国转型的主要诱因,当时该国能源对石油的依赖超过75%。时至今日,能源来自石油的比例已降至约20%。在积极推广生物燃料使用以及风力发电的不懈努力下,瑞典于2012年将可再生能源的比例提高至50%,比预计时间提前了八年。最新统计数据显示,该国可再生能源的使用比例已达到52%。目前,瑞典83%的电力供应来自水能与核能,7%来自风能。根据国际能源署的数据显示,瑞典人均年二氧化碳排放量为4.25吨,低于欧盟6.91吨的人均排放水平,更是将人均排放量达16.15吨的美国远远甩在后面。

与此同时,瑞典也在积极减少对核电的依赖。目前,瑞典有三座核电站,共十座核反应堆。2015年,政府在叫停所有核电站新建计划的同时,大幅提高核能税率,以引导投资向可再生能源领域转移。政府还宣布了提前关闭两座反应堆计划的时间表。

为了尽早摆脱对化石燃料的依赖,瑞典社会各个层面都在积极努力节能减排。在家庭领域,每个市政府都有专门的能源顾问,为市民提供如何节约能源的信息和咨询服务,包括更换窗户、使用节能灯泡、改装不同的供热系统等。斯德哥尔摩市区的“哈马碧”生态城中,住宅的各项设计都体现了节能的理念,而居民家中还装有显示各用电器电力消耗的监控设备,以帮助居民节约用电。目前在建的斯德哥尔摩皇家港口智慧城市项目,实施了比“哈马碧”生态城更加严格的建筑节能标准。

首座“被动式”取暖住宅16年前出现后被大量推广应用。这些住宅采用极其保暖的材料建造墙体等结构,没有传统的供热系统,而是利用居住者人体自身以及家用电器发散出的热量来达到房间内所需的温度。此外,“热交换”的理念也在建筑设计中被较好地应用。斯德哥尔摩中央火车站上下班大量通勤乘客所发散出的体热能,被“热交换”用来提供附近建筑物的供暖;坐落在梅拉伦湖畔的斯德哥尔摩市政厅,夏季采用凉爽的湖水来降温。

工业节能领域,很多企业日益重视绿色能源的使用与节能。例如,家具零售商宜家家居在2012年采取了新的可持续发展战略:除了节省更多能源和投资风能电站等可再生能源之外,还积极帮助消费者做出可持续发展的选择——例如选择更加节能的灯泡等。此外,为了鼓励减少私家车的使用,还通过为消费者提供往返其门店和乘车点之间的免费大巴实现节能减排。2014年,宜家投资的可再生能源产量已达到其总能耗的42%。

在积极节能的同时,瑞典大力推进对绿色可再生能源的使用。例如在交通领域,政府提出,到2030年所有车辆均采用非化石燃料驱动。就在前不久,沃尔沃汽车公司宣布将告别纯内燃机时代,自2019年起,公司所有新上市车型都将配备电动机,并将电动化作为其未来发展的核心。在瑞典西部城市哥德堡,名为“电动城市”的项目计划将该市街道上行驶的沃尔沃电动巴士完全由风能和水能所产生的电力驱动,其能源利用效率比传统柴油动力巴士高80%。(付一鸣)

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