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清代花翎的特殊“荣耀”
2017-07-24 16:10:04 中国青年网
清代王公贵族特有的装饰:花翎
清代王公贵族特有的装饰:花翎
花翎即孔雀翎,在清代是极为重要的冠饰。关于其来源,清代福格《听雨丛谈》卷一有这样一段记载:“(明)都督江彬等承白红笠之上,缀以靛染天鹅翎,以为贵饰,贵者飘三英,次者二英,兵部尚书王琼得赐一英。”清代陆心源在《翎顶考》中也说:“靛青天鹅翎即今之翎顶,此乃翎制之肇端也。”可见孔雀翎多半来源于明朝的靛青天鹅翎。
在等级森严的封建王朝,花翎是一种“辨等威、昭品秩”的标志,非一般官员所能戴用。花翎本身有三眼、双眼和单眼之分。所谓“眼”, 指的是孔雀翎上眼状的圆花纹,一个圆圈就算做一“眼”。翎眼的多寡,也反映了严格的等级差别。按照《清史稿·礼志》和《清会典事例·礼部·冠服》的记载:皇室成员中爵位低于亲王、郡王、贝勒的贝子和固伦额驸(皇后所生公主的丈夫)的,有资格戴三眼花翎;清宗室和藩部中被封为镇国公或辅国公的贵族,还有和硕额驸(妃嫔所生公主的丈夫),戴双眼孔雀翎;五品以上,在皇宫服务的内大臣,前锋、护军各统领以及参领(担任这些职务的人必须是满洲镶黄旗、正黄旗、正白旗出身),戴单眼孔雀翎。可见,花翎是清朝居某种地位的王公贵族特有的冠饰,而“外任文臣无赐花翎者”(昭梿《啸亭续录》卷一)。在清宗室藩部内,也“不得逾分滥用”(《清会典事例》卷三二八);在尚武风气犹存的清朝,即使是有资格戴用花翎的王公贵族们也并非生下来就可享戴花翎,而是在十岁时,经过必要的骑、射两项考试,合格后才能戴用。
福建提督施琅,本是明朝将领郑芝龙的部将,他降清后隶属汉军镶黄旗。康熙年间,在平定台湾时立了头等大功,还建议在台湾屯兵驻守、以备抵御外来侵略者。他的功劳与建议得到了康熙皇帝的赞赏,施琅被赐予御用袍等荣贵物品,并被封为“世袭罔替”的靖海侯。施琅所得荣誉足够显赫,但他却上疏,力辞侯位,而恳切要求“照前此在内大臣之列赐戴花翎”。这件事,引起朝廷的震动,大臣们认为在外的将军提督,无赐花翎的先例。而眼光远大的康熙皇帝则特别下旨予以赐戴,他说:“以开疆海外,削平僭伪之元勋,赏翎弗及、以泽延后世。”
此后,清统治者为了笼络收买人心,鼓励臣下为其效力,开始把花翎赏赐给对清王朝作出特别贡献的官员。乾隆皇帝曾明确宣称:花翎可“特赏军营奋勇出力之员”,并规定,“如有建立大功,著有劳绩,理应戴用(花翎)者,各该将军大臣等,即应声明具奏,令其戴用”(《清会典事例》卷三二八)。花翎作用的扩大,不仅是某种地位的标志,而且也成了显赫军功的象征。
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