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第二条进藏“天路”即将修建 中科院为川藏铁路划选线工作提供科技支撑
川藏铁路沿线是中国泥石流滑坡等山地灾害数量最多、最活跃、类型最齐全,危害最严重的地区。图为八宿县桑格宗泥石流区域。柳青摄
国际在线报道(记者 柳青):继青藏铁路之后,中国计划从西南部城市成都修建第二条进藏“天路”。这条规划中的川藏铁路全长超过1700公里,将形成四川至西藏的便捷通道,解决藏区交通瓶颈问题,然而频发的山地灾害是川藏铁路建设面临的重大挑战。中国科学院通过“川藏铁路山地灾害分布规律、风险分析与防治试验示范”项目,为川藏铁路当前规划选线中的山地灾害问题提供了全面技术支撑。
规划中的川藏铁路起于四川省成都市,经雅安、康定、新都桥、林芝到西藏自治区首府拉萨,规划全长超过1700公里,目前已纳入国家“十三五”规划并计划全线开工建设。
受地形、地质、气象等条件的影响,川藏铁路沿线是中国泥石流滑坡等山地灾害数量最多、最活跃、类型最齐全,危害最严重的地区。中国科学院水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所(成都山地所)总工程师游勇介绍说,规划中的川藏铁路横穿青藏高原东缘地形急变带、穿越21座4000米以上的雪山,横跨包括大渡河、金沙江、怒江、雅鲁藏布江在内的14条江河,沿线受青藏高原强烈隆升的影响,地势起伏大,河流切割强烈,具有相对高差大、山坡陡峭和沟谷深切的典型特点。游勇表示,重大工程穿越可能加剧山地灾害风险,并威胁工程自身安全。“川藏铁路将穿越我们国家的龙门山地震带、甘孜炉霍地震带、雅鲁藏布江地震带,地震烈度大多在八度以上。今后,一旦遇到强震,将诱发大量的崩塌、滑坡等山地灾害,对铁路、公路的选线造成了巨大的技术挑战;同时,川藏铁路地形极为艰险,高差极为巨大,灾害也极为发育,从成都平原(海拔)300到500米,一直过渡地形急变带,到青藏高原5000米以上;这个区降水十分丰富,也是我们国家海洋性冰川十分活跃,为山地灾害提供了十分有利的水动力条件,所以造成铁路工程十分困难。”
中科院于2015年启动了“川藏铁路沿线山地灾害分布规律、风险分析与防治技术试验示范”项目,由成都山地所牵头承担,中铁二院、中科院地质所参与,全面调查了川藏铁路康定至林芝段及其进场道路沿线崩塌、滑坡、泥石流的数量、分布现状、活动特征、危害方式及防治工程现状。通过野外调查、现场勘测、遥感解译、室内实验、空间分析、数值模拟等技术手段,从不同尺度开展了全面系统的分析和研究。截至目前,已提交技术咨询报告10余份,并获采纳。项目负责人游勇介绍说,项目成果为川藏铁路康定至林芝段规划选线工作中的山地灾害问题提供了全面科学支撑:“整个选线,一个是线路有要求,一个是要看看这个滑坡到底厚度是多少,一旦施工,影响是多少,我们有的线路是要从线路下面穿越,就是滑坡滑动之后对线路没有影响,但是这个投资就大了,对线路的走线要求比较高,如果我们认为滑坡整体稳定,浅表的滑动采取一定措施,滑坡是可以稳定的,我们就走明线,用桥隧的形式通过,投资比较小。我们还是希望川藏铁路,旅游的人能够看到风景,不要做成类似城市里的地铁,从成都到拉萨,好像睡一觉什么都没看到。”
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