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1、问:《证券期货投资者适当性管理办法》的定位是什么?
答:《证券期货投资者适当性管理办法》(以下简称《办法》)是深入贯彻习近平总书记“加快形成融资功能完备、基础制度扎实、市场监管有效、投资者合法权益得到充分保护的股票市场”重要指示精神,落实《国务院关于进一步促进资本市场健康发展的若干意见》(国发〔2014〕17号)和《国务院办公厅关于进一步加强资本市场中小投资者合法权益保护工作的意见》(国办发〔2013〕110号)要求的具体成果,标志着我国资本市场基础制度建设又向前迈进了重要一步,对我国资本市场健康发展和中小投资者权益保护将带来积极和深远的影响。
《办法》定位于适当性管理的“母法”,明确了投资者分类、产品分级、适当性匹配等适当性管理各环节的标准或底线,归纳整合了各市场、产品、服务的适当性相关要求,成为各市场、产品、服务适当性管理的基本依据。《办法》的核心是强化经营机构的适当性责任,围绕评估投资者风险承受能力和产品风险等级、充分揭示风险、提出匹配意见等核心内容,通过一系列看得见、抓得着的制度安排,规范经营机构义务,明确监管机构和自律组织履职要求,制定逐一对应的监督管理措施,确保各项适当性要求落到实处,实现将适当的产品销售给适合的投资者。这也是境外投资者适当性制度普遍遵循的基本逻辑,2008年金融危机后,境外成熟市场普遍要求金融中介机构在向投资者销售产品时,遵循一系列适当性行为准则,确保履行适当性义务,比如美国2010年《多德-弗兰克法案》进一步提高了金融中介的适当性义务要求。
2、问:《办法》的主要内容是什么?
答:《办法》作为投资者适当性管理的基本规范,首次对投资者基本分类做出了统一安排,明确了产品分级和适当性匹配的底线要求,系统规定了经营机构违反适当性义务的处罚措施。
《办法》共43条,针对适当性管理中的实际问题,主要规定了以下制度安排:一是形成了依据多维度指标对投资者进行分类的体系,统一投资者分类标准和管理要求,解决了投资者分类无统一标准、无底线要求和分类职责不明确等问题。二是明确了产品分级的底线要求和职责分工,建立层层把关、严控风险的产品分级机制,建立了监管部门确立底线要求、行业协会制定产品或者服务风险等级名录、经营机构具体划分产品或者服务风险等级的产品分级体系。三是规定了经营机构从了解投资者到纠纷处理等各个环节应当履行的适当性义务,全面从严规范相关行为,突出了适当性义务规定的可操作性,细化其具体内容、方式和程序,避免成为原则性的“口号立法”。四是突出对于普通投资者的特别保护,向投资者提供有针对性的产品及差别化服务。五是强化了监管职责与法律责任,针对各项义务制定了相应的违规罚则,确保适当性义务落到实处,避免《办法》成为无约束力的“豆腐立法”和“没有牙齿的立法”。
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