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美海军建设又换套路?

2017-06-22 14:13:34   解放军报

近日,美国海军作战部出台了一份名为《未来海军》的白皮书,将大国竞争对手列为首要威胁,同时提出了数量扩张、技术创新、战法革新三位一体的“非线性”建军新思路,并确立了“模块化”的装备研发采办新模式。

秉持冷战思维找“威胁”

美军认为,对国际安全环境以及主要作战对象的判断,是其军力建设的逻辑起点和基本指针,也是海洋国家海军建设的传统模式。《未来海军》白皮书谬称,当前全球安全环境在信息技术的作用下,日益呈现出多元化、复合化的新趋势,导致中俄等大国竞争对手、朝鲜和伊朗等地区国家,以及恐怖主义等非国家行为体出现了跨地区、跨领域和跨职能的“一体联动”效应,全面改变了海军军备竞赛与海上作战的方向,特别是中俄海军军力发展势头迅猛,从时间和空间层面对美国海军的传统优势构成了严峻挑战。

在此背景下,美国海军已不再把中俄视为范围、程度、影响相对有限的地区性威胁,而是具有重大影响的全球性挑战,具体表现在三个方面:一是“有意图”,强调中俄均有成为海洋强国的战略雄心,都把海洋空间作为提升大国地位的主要方向,对美全球海洋霸权构成了潜在威胁;二是“有能力”,认为中俄海军常规作战能力发展迅速,特别是水面舰艇和潜艇建造速度持续加快、活动范围日趋拓展、海外基地不断增多,“能够在全球范围和所有领域,以有利的速度与美国展开竞争”,从而使美海军军备建设和前沿存在面临巨大压力;三是“有潜力”,认为中俄军力发展均衡,特别是太空、网络与核力量建设成果显著,对美全球和地区利益及影响力构成了严峻挑战。

提出“非线性”建军新思路

如何统筹兼顾当前战备需求与长远发展需要,是军队力量建设的核心命题,落实到实际就是如何妥善处理数量与质量之间的辩证关系。然而,在资源相对有限的情况下,两种极端选择都会造成严重的现实问题。以牺牲质量优势为代价来换取数量优势,虽可有效提升战备水平、应对当前威胁,以及缓解战线过长与军力有限之间的矛盾,却会延迟武器装备的现代化进程,削弱部队的长远竞争优势,小布什时期过于依赖扩军增效的“数量中心型”发展模式就是典型例证。以牺牲数量优势为代价来换取质量优势,虽可顺应未来战争发展趋势,巩固或拉大技术“代差”地位,却会导致部队力量空虚、战备不足,使其战线过长与兵力有限的矛盾日益突出,从而无法有效应对现实威胁,奥巴马时期过多倚重技术创新的“质量中心型”建军理念就是突出代表。为此,白皮书认为,单纯强调数量或质量优势的“线性”思路,无法平衡部队当前战备和长远发展需求,难以适应国际安全环境的动态变化,因此主张采取数量扩张、技术创新、战法革新三位一体的“非线性”建军思路,以打造一支“实力均衡”的海军舰队。其要点集中在三个方面:

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