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伦敦火灾反思:高层火灾如何扑灭?

2017-06-16 08:20:24   新华网

英国伦敦一栋24层公寓楼14日凌晨突发火灾,火势从二楼迅速蔓延到顶楼,令灭火和居民逃生极其困难。摩天大楼火灾如何扑灭?且听消防专家怎么说。

英国消防顾问鲍勃·帕金介绍,通常情况下,消防员需要先在着火楼层以下两层处搭建一个基地,以便跟踪监控灭火进展、监测消防员所携剩余氧气量等。

帕金告诉英国广播公司记者,消防员能在起火现场待多久,取决于其携带的氧气量。因此,要尽量避免消防员携带氧气筒攀爬过多楼层,以免造成浪费。

一旦消防员成功进入楼内,他们的最紧急任务并非灭火、而是先把受困人员营救出来。按照帕金的说法,消防员必须尽量少带装备,减少负重,才能更好地救人,但这也意味着“需要奋力抗争才能闯入火场……风险较大”。

就此次着火的名为“格伦费尔塔”的伦敦公寓楼而言,火势蔓延太快,迅速吞噬近乎整栋楼,这就意味着消防员只能在极低楼层搭建基地。接着,消防员要设法攀爬到20多层高楼,“简直难以想象”,帕金说。此外,如果消防员不携带额外氧气筒,就难以帮助受困人员从弥漫着烟雾的火场逃生。

一些消防安全专家说,“格伦费尔塔”公寓楼火势蔓延极快,原因很可能在于易燃的外墙镶板。如果外墙材料易燃,那么想要逐层隔离火势几乎不可能,也会增加灭火难度。

消防咨询公司Tenable Dubai介绍,近年来,阿拉伯联合酋长国迪拜多栋摩天大楼发生火灾,其火势蔓延较快均与易燃的外墙材料有关,包括2015年2月21日一栋79层公寓楼火灾。

值得注意的是,迪拜的这几起火灾没有造成人员死亡,原因在于独特的建筑设计,使得消防人员能够较快灭火、受困人员则能经由无烟无火的隔离区域疏散到楼外。

Tenable Dubai公司高管萨姆·阿尔科克说:“这几起火灾均持续六七小时,但楼内住户得以安全疏散,无人丧生。”

Tenable Dubai公司消防工程师伊克曼·拉扎利说,如果摩天大楼内的防火隔离设施到位,那么住户遇到火灾时应留在家中、而非贸然乱跑,但在此次伦敦火灾中,“这类设施显然没能有效发挥作用”。

在扑救摩天楼火灾时,消防员往往利用空中平台,从楼外进行灭火操作。据悉,伦敦消防局的空中平台仅能达到32米高,从楼外灭火的高度相当有限。Tenable Dubai公司说,在摩天楼林立的迪拜,用于灭火的空中平台能够达到80米高。

(原标题:伦敦火灾反思:高层火灾如何扑灭?)

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