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2017年6月,上合组织阿斯塔纳峰会迎来了上合组织成立16年的首次正式扩员,这无疑既是对上合组织过去16年发展的肯定,也使得上合组织发展迈入新阶段。作为欧亚地区重要的多边区域组织之一,上海合作组织自2001年成立以来,在经济与安全合作方面积极争取两轮驱动。上合组织不仅为地区和平与发展做出了重要贡献,而且还以自己的合作理念赢得了周边国家的关注。此次印巴两国加入上合组织,使得上合组织的辐射范围、人口数量等实现了新发展,一跃成为欧亚地区最为重要的区域合作组织。
南亚两国同时加入上合组织,标志着上合组织从以中亚为核心区域向南亚拓展,上合组织由此成为欧亚大陆涵盖人口最多的区域安全组织。至此,上合组织成员国占欧亚大陆面积的五分之三,人口占世界近一半,作为成员国面积最大、人口最多的地区性国际组织的代表性明显增强,组织的活动空间与合作潜力进一步扩大。对于上合组织的扩员而言,不仅实现了地理范围、人员的拓展,更为重要地是其所秉持的“上海精神”被更多国家所认可,也意味上合组织可以成为经济联通、安全联通的重要平台。中亚连通南亚、西亚和东亚,是互联互通的重要交汇区域,实现上合组织的扩员可以更好地发挥上合组织的地缘优势。印度和巴基斯坦的加入更是显著体现了上合组织互联互通的价值。
对于上合组织扩员而言,这实际上显示了上合组织的机制能力。上合组织成员国实力大小不同、宗教文化迥异、经济发展悬殊,但基于共同的利益,求同存异、包容互鉴,不断实现发展。在上合组织的发展历程中,大国协调和机制协调并进是上合组织发展的重要基础,也是上合组织机制能力的重要保障。一方面,中俄两国是上合组织中的大国,也是极具份量的世界性大国,上合组织要取得发展,离不开中俄关系的发展。也正是因为中俄的不断协调,使得上合组织得以迈过无数坎坷。另一方面,上合组织也并非中俄两家的“寡头”垄断,而是充分尊重各成员国的主权地位与利益诉求,通过上合组织的一系列机制来推动成员国在安全、贸易、文化等诸多领域的深入合作。双重协调的良好运转是上合组织良性发展的持续保障。
如今,上合组织迎来了16年以来的首次扩员,这显然是对上合组织机制能力的肯定。正所谓“得道多助失道寡助”,一种国际机制好不好,不仅要看其能不能推动成员国间的合作共赢,还要看其对非成员国的吸引力。在这一点上,上合组织无疑彰显了其对外界的吸引力。早在2005年,上合组织就吸收印巴两国成为观察员国,但是直到10多年之后,印巴两国才实现转正。这说明上合组织并不好大喜功,而是谨慎地对待扩员,将机制能力建设作为扩员与否的重要参考。其间,上合组织机制能力已实现了长足发展,在各领域构建了一系列具体合作机制。当然,印巴两国加入上合组织,也对上合组织的机制能力提出了更高的要求。虽然问题与挑战肯定不少,不过上合组织如今毕竟不是懵懂孩童,有能力应对诸多挑战。对于扩员后的上合组织,依然需要将机制能力建设作为核心任务,双重协调依然是上合组织机制能力的重要保障,如此,上合组织才能进一步提升国际影响。 (凌胜利,外交学院国际安全研究中心秘书长)
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