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军报:战略是国家目标和军事行动之间的桥梁 战争潜力必基于综合国力

2017-06-09 11:35:58   解放军报

谁也不会想到,作为对世界作出卓越贡献的大科学家,爱因斯坦在上世纪30年代加入瑞士国籍时,却必须先在兵役部门过关——按入伍标准进行体检,查验身体不合格后编入预备役,但42岁之前必须交军事税来代替服现役。

如此怠慢人才的瑞士,却令横扫欧洲的纳粹德国望而却步,其中缘由,就在于瑞士所奉行的全民皆兵的国防政策,和它不可小视的战争潜力。

因在不同时期实行不同的国防政策,一个国家的军事实力与其综合国力不一定是相称的。1940年,纳粹德国已经出动了136个师占领了西欧。可作为当时GDP世界第一的美国,其陆军仅有职业军人1.4万,只能编为5个师。陆军的武器装备也很寒碜,1939年美国仅生产了6辆中型坦克,因缺少装备,士兵训练用水管当反坦克炮、以笤帚当步枪的情形并不罕见;还有18个州的国民警卫队更是形同虚设,平时每人每周补贴一美元集训一次,要么是对着橄榄球场门柱练刺杀,要么演习包抄当地广场纪念碑……其时美国陆军的规模和作战能力,排在世界17位,甚至居罗马尼亚之后。

恩格斯1890年在致约·布洛赫的信里写得很明白:“根据唯物史观,历史过程中的决定因素归根结底是现实生活中的生产和再生产。”

美国的战争动员能力和国防潜力印证着恩格斯的论述。1940年,随着战争动员令的发出,其强大的综合国力就显现出来——国会拨款90亿美元,远超此前20年陆军军费的总和;当年即征兵160万,其后以每天1.1万人的进度征召,至二战结束,兵员已达800万,投入欧洲战场的陆军就有89个师……

在海军方面亦是如此。1939年,日本海军大将山本五十六宣称:“我们在半年到一年之内能够上演令人惊讶的海上胜利。”他敢出此狂言,是因为当时的美国海军并不比日本海军强多少,而在太平洋上,则明显弱于日本——1941年,海军上将尼米兹在狭窄的潜艇上接任太平洋舰队司令,偌大的舰队竟只能以潜艇为旗舰。

但到了1945年8月,美国海军的规模则让日本人充满无力感——海军1年的军费,就超过日本海军10年军费总和,人员扩充了约20倍,舰艇数量更是惊人地增加了60倍(航母就达27艘),海军飞机是原来的24倍……

日本在珍珠港得手后第4天,德意法西斯就一起对美宣战,这等于一下子激活了美国巨大的战争潜力,使胜利的天平逐渐倾向同盟国一方。丘吉尔在事后写道:“获悉美国卷入战争,我怀着蒙救和欣慰的心情上床睡了一觉。”

战略是国家目标和军事行动之间的桥梁。一个国家只有确立并执行经济发展与国防建设协调发展的国家战略,使战争潜力建立在强大的综合国力之上,并有完善健全的体制机制使经济实力迅速转化为实实在在的军事实力,才能在战争到来之时,成为一只勇猛的狮子而不是任人宰割的羔羊。

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