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特朗普飞抵罗马(资料图)
5月25日,特朗普总统将首次参加在布鲁塞尔举行的北约峰会。这次峰会将是特朗普弥合美欧分歧、维持北约团结的机会,也将展示美对北约议程的主导能力,预计峰会将集中讨论美最关切的两大议题:军费和反恐。
特朗普总统竞选期间对北约的批评主要有三点:一是“北约过时论”。北约已经不符合形势需要了,特朗普当选后接受英国《泰晤士报》和德国《图片报》采访时仍坚持这一论调。二是指责盟友“搭便车”,对共同防务出力不够。特朗普宣称如果盟友不承担“公平份额”,美国将撤销对北约的承诺,即将美国履行北约第五条款与欧洲盟友分担负担挂钩。三是指责北约未能打击恐怖主义。特朗普言论引发盟友担忧,为美欧关系笼上一层阴影。
特朗普上台后修正立场,重申北约的重要性。特朗普就职演说表示要加固与盟友的关系,安抚盟友。特朗普政府的外交安保团队成员,国防部长马蒂斯、副总统彭斯、国务卿蒂勒森相继到访北约总部,表达了美国将毫不动摇地支持北约的立场,并且将北约成员国在共同防务上的贡献与美国对北约的承诺脱钩。4月12日,在与北约秘书长斯托尔滕贝格举行的联合记者会上,特朗普表示,“我曾说过它(北约)过时了。它不再过时了”,试图再次打消盟友对美国抛弃北约的担忧。但是,在盟友增加军费投入和反恐力度两大政策目标上,特朗普政府坚决要求北约盟友取得进展。
特朗普紧盯盟友的军费开支与特朗普的政策理念有关。特朗普经济上要求其他国家开展“公平贸易”,军事上要求盟友承担“公平防务”,减少美国纳税人的负担。特朗普政府认为,美国对北约承担了“不成比例的份额”,导致美军力耗损过大,这种状况“不可持续”。马蒂斯防长要求各国加快增加军费开支步伐,称这是“公平”要求,“所有那些享受这个世界上最好的防卫水平的人,也应该承担相应的必要支出,用于捍卫自由”。彭斯副总统会见欧洲领导人和北约官员时,希望盟友信守增加军费的承诺,并且要求年底前取得进展。另一方面,美国紧盯盟友的军费也与美国对形势的评估趋于严峻有关。2014年俄罗斯“吞并”克里米亚后,北约面临的环境更加危险。只有各成员国加大军事投入,才能提升军力,减轻美国的负担。
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