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共享单车行业需要押金专项账户+政府补贴“两条腿”

2017-05-24 08:14:15   国际在线

5月22日,交通运输部会同中央宣传部、中央网信办、国家发展改革委、工业和信息化部、公安部、住房和城乡建设部、人民银行、质检总局、国家旅游局等部门起草的《关于鼓励和规范互联网租赁自行车发展的指导意见》正式发布,进行为期两周的公开征求意见。

短短一年,共享单车从市场爆发到监管规制,这充分体现了移动互联网、新技术在便捷我们生活的同时,行业生态建设与规范也是迫在眉睫、箭在弦上。

去年下半年以来,共享单车模式迅速复制,各家公司都在跑马圈地。尤其是北上广一线城市,共享单车公司更是千树万树梨花开,但盈利和服务模式渐渐地也开始有一些争议。

押金托管之争

目前,共享单车服务有两种模式,一种是押金方式,另一种是预付费方式,理论上多用途预付费卡由央行统一管理,而单一用途的预付费卡由商务部管理。

从近期监管部门出台的诸多征求意见稿来看,几乎都提到了对共享单车企业设立专项银行账户来管理押金,但是,都未提及利息归属。对此,有市场人士认为,共享单车企业随着用户规模的扩大,产生的巨额押金类似第三方支付机构的备付金,如果不规范管理就可能存在挪用风险,严重情况下会影响到金融体系的安全。

以笔者之见,倒不必过分担忧风险,不过专项账户管理值得探讨。首先,共享单车行业的押金与第三方支付行业的储备金还是有本质上区别。我们在网上购买商品或服务时,支付的货款在收到货并且做出确认之前,一直会存放在支付机构的账户上,这笔钱就是我们所说的“客户备付金”,也叫在途资金。在途资金的产生是支付宝的创新,作为买卖双方交易的第三方担保出现,由买家将货款打到支付宝账户,由支付宝向卖家通知发货,买家收到商品确认后指令支付宝将货款放于卖家,至此完成一笔网络交易。在整个交易过程中会产生时间差,而这小小的时间差会形成巨大的资金沉淀。

央行曾明确规定,客户备付金是支付机构预收其用户的待付货币资金,不属于支付机构的自有财产。客户备付金的所有权属于支付机构用户,但不同于用户本人的银行存款,不受《存款保险条例》保护,因此,利息也不应归属用户。

据不完全统计,这部分资金在银行账户里产生的利息收入占到支付机构总收入的11%。

不过,2016年10月,国务院对第三方支付机构的备付金加强管理,明确人民银行或商业银行不向非银行支付机构备付金账户计付利息,防止支付机构以“吃利差”为主要盈利模式。

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