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结构优化和动能转换:中国经济上行的动力

2017-05-20 09:41:17   国际在线

国家统计局发布的4月份国民经济运行数据表明,稳是主基调,稳中有进、稳中向好是大趋势。尽管受“五一”小长假提前、工作日同比减少一天的影响,4月份部分指标的当月增速有所回落,但这种小波动不属于趋势性变化,没有影响到中国经济稳定发展的基本面。我们既要看到经济增长稳定、就业稳定向好、物价总体平稳和国际收支状况比较稳定这四项因素所挥发的稳定中国经济大局的重要作用,更要看到结构优化和动能转换所迸发的中国经济上行的动力。

结构优化包含了两层次含义:一是存量调整,特别体现为“三去一补一降”;二是培育增量,表现为大力发展新兴产业、高科技产生以及积极培育新业态和新商业模式。从国家统计局发布的数据看,在结构优化的这两个层次方面都取得不同程度的进展。

就“三去一补一降”而言,在去产能方面,1-4月份钢材产量同比增长1.7%,增长速度比一季度回落0.4个百分点。水泥和原煤产量分别增长0.7%和2.5%,都呈现较低水平增长。钢材和煤炭的去产能已分别完成3170万吨和6897万吨,分别实现今年政府工作报告提出的去产能任务的63.4%和46%。在去库存方面,4月末全国商品房待售面积同比下降7.2%,降幅比3月末扩大0.8个百分点,其中住宅待售面积同比下降16.2%,降幅比3月末又扩大1.2个百分点。在去杠杆方面,3月份规模以上工业企业的资产负债率是56.2%,同比下降0.7个百分点。在降成本方面,1-3月份规模以上工业企业每百元主营业收入中的成本为85.25元,同比下降0.15元。在补短板方面,1-4月份生态保护和环境治理业的投资同比增长50.4%,公共设施管理业的投资同比增长28.4%,水利管理、交通运输仓储和邮政业的投资分别增长16.1%和16.7%,短板领域的投资力度在进一步加大。

就培育增量言,有关数据显示,在投资领域,制造业投资结构优化持续推进。一是制造业改造升级投资运行态势良好。1-4月份,制造业中技改投资增长7.9%,增速比全部制造业投资高3个百分点;占全部制造业投资的比重为44.2%,比去年同期提高1.3个百分点。二是制造业领域新动能投资快速增长。1-4月份,高技术制造业投资6595亿元,同比增长22.6%,增速比全部制造业投资高17.7个百分点,比全部投资高13.7个百分点;占全部制造业投资的比重为14.5%,比去年同期提高1.9个百分点。另外,从产业结构看,服务业的增势好于工业。4月份,服务业生产指数同比增长8.1%,增长速度高于工业增速1.6个百分点,服务业在经济中的主导作用进一步增强。

其实,结构优化也意味着经济发展动能的转换,技改投资和高技术制造业投资增长以及服务业增长势头良好,都会带来促进新旧动能接续转换和积极培育新动能的效果。另一方面,深入实施创新驱动战略,在国民经济运行中,也带来了积极培育新动能的效果。数据显示,4月份全国新登记企业55.6万户,同比增长9.2%,平均每天新登记的企业达到1.85万户。新业态、新模式能快速成长,1-4月份,全国网上商品和服务的零售额同比增长了32%,其中网上商品零售额增长25.9%,网上服务零售额增长55.9%,网上商品的零售额占社会消费品零售额的比重目前已经达到12.9%,同比提高1.8个百分点。在电商的快速发展带动下,快递业务量也在快速增长,1-4月份预计增长31.1%。可见,创新引领作用提升,新动能持续发展壮大,创业创新势头良好,给国民经济不断注入新的活力,不断形成稳中有进、稳中向好的动力。

因此,尽管4月份部分指标当月增速有所回落,但这不影响国民经济稳定运行的基本面;尽管目前依然面临不小的经济下行压力,一些长期积累的结构性矛盾依然是存在的,但更应看到国民经济运行中存在着以结构优化和动能转换所体现的经济上行动力,不断累积经济运行中的积极因素,巩固和增强稳中向好的趋势。而且,值得一提的是,前不久圆满闭幕的“一带一路”高峰论坛,达成的互联互通重要共识以及取得的若干具体成果,也必然会给中国经济导入新的发展动力,从而形成中国经济稳中有进、稳中向好的内外合成动力。(张德勇 中国社会科学院财经战略研究院 研究员)

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