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水电外送消纳矛盾暗涌 西南“弃水”形势严峻

2017-05-15 10:24:48   经济参考报

水电外送消纳矛盾暗涌

记者在四川、云南调研发现,本轮“弃水”由阶段性电力供需失衡直接引发,但其背后却是清洁能源跨区配置的能力与机制存在的诸多矛盾。

首先是发电装机增长较快,省内用电和外送负荷小于装机规模,电力电量供大于求矛盾突出。目前云南发电装机规模8443万千瓦,预计今年底装机8720万千瓦左右,而省内用电和外送最大负荷不到5000万千瓦,全省装机可发电量超过3627亿千瓦时,而省内用电和外送计划需求2602亿千瓦时,全省电量富余1025亿千瓦时。水电富余电量近550亿千瓦时。

新能源压力加剧。2017年,四川新能源装机仍将快速增长,预计2017年底新能源装机将突破300万千瓦,年电量将达60亿千瓦时,四川新能源的消纳问题将更加突出。由于新能源省外消纳难度大,川内各种清洁能源协调发展问题越来越突出。

其次,水电外送面临“价格陷阱”。相关人士介绍,由于电力供大于求矛盾突出,成为买方市场,市场化交易后,水电企业电价普遍低于原上网电价,不能充分体现水电等清洁能源价值。同时,水电建设成本、移民、环保等投入越来越大,水电在供大于求市场中的竞争优势越来越小,水电行业的可持续发展面临挑战。

2016年四川省跨省跨区交易首次以市场化的方式开展。在年度交易中,发电企业外送价格为0.21元/千瓦时,价格已低于受电省市水电上网价格,同比降低近0.03元/千瓦时。临时交易价格低至0.16元/千瓦时。

相关人士介绍,外送电价格的下降并未带来额外的外送增量,从四川省的实际外送电量来看同比下降3.78%(2015年含锦官留川转送电量,价格高于四川送出价格)。可以明显看到,市场方式并不能促进清洁能源消纳。

第三,西南水电外送通道严重不足且推进缓慢。“十二五”末,四川跨省跨区电力交换能力已达到2850万千瓦,位居全国省级电网第一,但对比四川超过8000万千瓦的电力装机和近3000万千瓦左右的省内负荷,外送能力依然不足。“十三五”期间,四川仅获批一条川渝电网500千伏第三通道工程,最大可增加约200万千瓦外送能力,但同期四川预计增加2000万千瓦电力装机。因此,“十三五”四川省“弃水”面继续扩大已成定局。

第四,在供需失衡与外送受阻的情况下,电力本地消纳也存在困难。云南省工信委电力保障处统计,受宏观经济形势影响,“十二五”期间,云南省内用电需求增速逐年下降,年均增长7.47%,低于发电装机和发电量增速,2015年全省全社会用电量首次出现负增长,同比下降5.94%,2016年持续下降1.95%。2016年的全社会用电量比2013年还少用50亿千瓦时左右,其主要原因是工业用电量的下降。

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