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水电外送消纳矛盾暗涌 西南“弃水”形势严峻

2017-05-15 10:24:48   经济参考报

以四川、云南为代表的西南地区是当前我国水电开发的“主战场”。但近年来,在水电装机迅速增长和用电增速持续低迷的双重压力下,四川、云南等水电大省连续多年“弃水”,导致大量清洁能源白白浪费,企业蒙受严重亏损,资源地税收锐减。

积极发展水电是“十三五”时期我国优化能源供给结构、提升非化石能源消费比重的重要手段。部分业内人士建议,应坚定不移地实施清洁能源配置“全国一盘棋”,通过具体的政策措施化解日益严峻的“弃水”矛盾,确保水电行业健康发展。

供求失衡致弃水形势严峻

四川、云南是我国水力资源最为富集的地区,也是我国“西电东送”重要的电源基地。溪洛渡、向家坝、锦屏(一、二级)等一批国家重大水电项目于“十五”“十一五”期间先后立项、开建,并于“十二五”集中投产,川滇地区清洁能源供给能力大大增强。

来自四川省能源局的数据显示,“十二五”期间四川水电装机年均增长18.1%,相当于每两年多就投产一座三峡电站。

但随着宏观经济进入新常态,电力需求随之放缓,电力供求失衡的矛盾逐渐凸显。四川的全社会用电量从2011年时的两位数增长水平,急速下滑至2015年的-1.1%,这也是四川自1998年以来首次负增长。

近几年,云南水电等清洁能源发电装机快速增长,电力供应能力大幅提高。但受宏观经济形势和体制机制影响,自2013年开始全省电力供应由季节性丰盈枯缺转变为全年富余,尤其汛期大量水电弃水。

云南省工信委的统计显示,“十二五”期间,云南省电源装机快速增长,全省电源总装机由2010年的3600万千瓦增长至2015年的7915万千瓦,5年间共计新增装机约4300万千瓦,年均增长率17%。到2016年云南水电装机已达6096万千瓦,水电和其他可再生能源占全省总装机容量的比重达83.4%。与电源装机快速增长相反的是,受宏观经济形势影响,“十二五”后期云南电力需求增速放缓,电源开发建设与电力市场培育脱节情况较为明显。

电力供给的阶段性过剩,直接导致了西南水电“弃水”逐渐扩大、愈演愈烈。记者分别从四川、云南的能源主管部门和电网企业了解到,2013年,川、滇分别“弃水”26亿、50亿千瓦时;去年,两省“弃水”已分别达到142亿、314亿千瓦时,而300亿千瓦时相当于河北省一个月的全社会用电量。据相关方面预计,今年在云南电网统调火电按最小方式运行、仅安排160亿千瓦时发电量的情况下,水电富余电量仍可能近550亿千瓦时。

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