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“奥巴马医改法”恐寿终正寝

2017-05-06 09:11:15   

4日,美国国会众议院以217票对213票的投票结果,通过了《美国医保法》草案,特朗普政府在废除并替代“奥巴马医改法”主要内容的立法方面迈出重要一步。

“奥巴马医改法”命途多舛

“奥巴马医改法”全称《患者保护与平价医疗法》(PPACA),是时任美国总统奥巴马于2010年3月23日签署的联邦法案,为第111届美国国会在医疗改革领域的主要立法。

根据“奥巴马医改法”,除非因宗教信仰、经济困难等原因而被豁免外,所有美国公民均必须购买医疗保险,否则将需要缴纳一笔罚款;实施私人医保行业与公共医保项目改革,将3000万无医保美国公民纳入了医保覆盖范畴。

无论是在国会酝酿还是表决过程,“奥巴马医改法”都远非“两党共识”。当国会参议院2009年12月24日表决时,所有民主党参议员都投票支持该法案,而共和党参议员中除1人以外都投了反对票。2010年3月21日,国会众议院表决时全部178位共和党众议员都投了反对票。实施后,共和党控制的州份、一些组织与个人分别向联邦法院起诉,认为该法案中的部分或全部内容违宪。2012年6月28日,联邦最高法院的判决在支持“奥巴马医改法”大部分内容的同时,认为联邦政府“以医疗补助拨款为威胁,要求各州扩大医疗补助覆盖面的立法违宪”。

2016年,代表共和党阵营出战的特朗普将废除“奥巴马医改法”作为重要竞选主张,表示“奥巴马医改法”导致美国人医保费用陡增,承诺当选后尽快“推翻并替换”。

《美国医保法》获共和党力推

随着特朗普就任总统,美国第115届国会废除“奥巴马医改法”立法进程加快。2017年3月,国会众议院的共和党人曾尝试推动《美国医保法》草案投票。不过,因共和党内部对该草案仍存分歧,最后不得不撤回。5月3日,草案提案者提出,在草案中增加80亿美元医保拨款,从而在共和党内获得了足够支持。

与“奥巴马医改法”中“禁止保险公司对有既有病史者收取更高保险费”的条例相比,共和党人力推的《美国医保法》草案则规定各州可以寻求“豁免权”,选择不执行这一规定。拥有“豁免权”后,保险公司除可以对那些有既有病史者征收比健康投保人高得多的保险费外,还可按照自己的意愿提高年纪较大投保人的保险费,而不必遵守现行法律中有关“必须覆盖基本服务要求”的规定。此外,《美国医保法》草案还将取消对那些不买医疗保险的人的税收惩罚,取消对高收入者的增税,以及削减帮助低收入者的医疗补助等。为补贴因“奥巴马医改法”而导致保费上升的人群,联邦政府保证将在未来10年中提供总额为1380亿美元的补贴。

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