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我国煤电清洁发展水平居世界前列

2017-09-22 06:42:10   中国经济网

近日,由中国电力企业联合会组织编写的《中国煤电清洁发展报告》在中国煤电清洁发展与环境影响发布研讨会上发布。《报告》认为,从结构看,中国火电在总装机容量与发电量中占比高,在满足能源电力需求上发挥了重要作用,虽然近十年可再生能源发电迅猛增长,但煤电仍然是中国电力供应的主力电源和基础电源。

《报告》显示,我国目前的燃煤发电技术已经达到世界先进水平,部分领域达到世界领先水平,我国燃煤电厂污染物实现了严格管控,环保设施形成了全覆盖,煤电清洁发展取得了巨大成效。

“煤电行业在我国经济发展和环境保护中具有特殊的重要地位,我国以煤为主的资源禀赋决定了能源消费以煤为主的格局,决定了煤电行业必须在节能减排上有大突破、大作为,以实现经济效益与环境效益双赢。”环保部大气司司长刘炳江表示,“十一五”初期,煤电行业主要污染物排放占全国排放总量的一半左右,经过十几年的努力,煤电行业的二氧化硫、氮氧化物排放量均从最高峰的千万吨级下降到百万吨级,成为我国工业行业中达标排放率最高的行业。

但是,受多种因素影响,当前对能源转型、电力发展中重大问题的认识还存在着误区,少数人还停留在旧有经验与怀疑的惯性之中,对煤电行业在减排工作中所作的努力和取得的成绩并不了解。

事实上,我国作为燃煤发电大国,长期致力于发电技术、污染物控制技术的创新发展。在发电装备技术方面,我国超超临界常规煤粉发电技术达到了世界先进水平,空冷技术、循环流化床锅炉技术更是达到世界领先水平。截至2016年底,我国已投产百万千瓦等级机组96台,30万千瓦以上火电机组比例由1995年的27.8%增长至2016年的79.1%。在污染治理技术方面,我国燃煤电厂燃煤煤质复杂,燃煤平均发热量与挥发分偏低、硫分和灰分偏高,烟尘、二氧化硫和氮氧化物的原始生成浓度较高,且大多为环保技术改造项目,通过自主研发和引进消化吸收再创新,燃煤电厂大气污染物控制装置形成了全覆盖,治理技术总体达到世界先进水平,部分领域达到世界领先水平。

据中电联统计,2016年,单位火电发电量烟尘、二氧化硫、氮氧化物排放量分别降至0.08克、0.39克和0.36克,达到世界先进水平;从1979年到2016年,火电发电量增长17.5倍,烟尘排放量比峰值600万吨下降了94%,二氧化硫排放量比峰值1350万吨下降了87%,氮氧化物排放量比峰值1000万吨左右下降了85%。与此同时,煤电废水排放、固体废物综合利用水平逐年提高。2016年,中国火电供电煤耗降至312克/千瓦时,发电水耗降至1.3千克/千瓦时,达到世界先进水平。碳排放强度不断下降,碳排放控制水平显著提升。2016年,中国火电单位发电量二氧化碳排放量比2005年下降了21.6%。“可以说,煤电行业的减排行动为我国的空气质量改善立下了头功,为中国和全球环境保护事业作出了重大贡献。”刘炳江说。

“绿色低碳是能源发展的大趋势,非化石能源将逐步替代化石能源,预计我国非化石能源占能源消费比重将由2015年的12%提高至2030年的20%。”中电联行业发展与环境资源部副主任潘荔表示,截至2016年底,我国煤电装机容量9.4亿千瓦,占发电装机总量的57.3%。由此不难看出,煤电将持续发挥基础性和灵活性电源作用,当前乃至二三十年内煤电仍是提供电力、电量的主体。

潘荔表示,在未来较长时期内,大量压减散煤利用,降低煤炭在终端分散利用比例,大幅提高电煤在煤炭消费中的比重,可有效解决煤炭燃烧污染问题。不过,尽管煤电清洁发展取得了巨大成效,但煤电污染控制仍需进一步提高设备的稳定性、可靠性、经济性,减少二次污染产生。“要充分发挥市场作用,协调好煤电与气电、煤电与可再生能源的关系,在推进电力市场化改革过程中确保电力供应清洁低碳发展。”潘荔说。(经济日报记者 李 景)

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