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报告文学正面临前所未有的挑战

2017-09-21 07:47:30   中国经济网

问:徐芳 答:陈启文

不是社会冷落了你,而是你对社会漠不关心;不是读者抛弃了你,而是你先抛弃了读者

朝花周刊:和上世纪八十年代文学复苏时的社会环境相比,报告文学受重视的程度,在当下发生了很大变化。对于在新形势下促进报告文学的发展,您如何看?

陈启文:当下报告文学的写作确实面临“前所未有的挑战”,我以为甚至是“生死考验”。近年来一些批评家对报告文学这一文体的合法性或叙事伦理提出质疑,有人追问“报告文学死了吗”,有人甚至提前宣判“报告文学已死”。我的一些报告文学作品,在文学期刊上发表时也被贴上了“非虚构”的标签,“报告文学”几乎成了一个“虚名”。从外在环境面临的变化看,报告文学的处境和整个文学生态是一样的,随着文学不断边缘化,近年来关于“文学死亡”的话题也层出不穷。然而,我觉得宣告某一文体或文学整体死亡,不是杞人忧天,就是故意耸人听闻的“危言”。我也深信,文学与哲学、宗教一样,都是人类不可或缺的精神支点和终极关怀,无论是虚构类文学还是非虚构类的报告文学,又无论以怎样的方式表现、怎样的媒介传播,文学都将陪伴人类走向终极,人类不死,灵魂不灭,文学永垂。

从报告文学发展史看,它受重视和关注的程度,取决于揭示真相的程度,而它揭示真相的程度,与所处时代的容忍度是一致的。我觉得1978年是一个分水岭,以徐迟的《哥德巴赫猜想》为标志,报告文学这一由来已久,又长期与通讯特写、叙事散文混为一谈的文体,不但被确认为是一种与小说、散文、诗歌并驾齐驱的文体,甚至是一种更强势、更具穿透力和影响力的文体。这一时期的报告文学作家,对避免报告文学的工具化、功利化写作都有高度自觉,从而尽可能排除来自外界的干扰,以独立的调查和立场去书写自己的真实体验、独特发现并作出自己的价值评判;又能把报告文学叙事建立在文学的艺术表现上,让“报告”与“文学”达成时代性与文学性的和谐兼容;众多价值取向不同、风格各异的报告文学作家、以各自的方式,共同书写了新时期报告文学异彩纷呈的时代。无论是“正面报告文学”,还是具有批判与思辨色彩的“问题报告文学”,都保持了一种芜杂而蓬勃的共生状态。

事实上,一个社会的正能量,从来不止是由那些“正面报告文学”来提供。只有让各种力量都有足够的空间释放,才有足够的宽度和深度来承载一个伟大的时代,这样的文学生态,正是多元的、健康的、生机勃勃的。

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