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蜜蜂若灭绝人类只能活四年?并非耸人听闻

2017-09-19 15:27:41   新华社

在坊间传闻中,有一个流传甚广的说法:“蜜蜂消失后,人类只能活四年”,这个假托爱因斯坦的说法虽然可能并不准确甚至有些极端,但却从一定程度上昭示了蜜蜂的特殊性。那么,蜜蜂物种的灭绝,到底会不会是推倒人类灭亡的第一张多米诺骨牌呢?

▲位于北京南海子麋鹿苑中的灭绝动物名单被做成了多米诺骨牌形状,不知未来是否需要加上蜜蜂的名字(图片来自网络)

除了失去蜂蜜,我们也将面临饥馑

相比人见人爱的呆萌熊猫,蜜蜂身形很小,飞行速度也很快,这让它们在日常生活中非常容易被忽视。蜜蜂的起源至今是一个悬而未决的争议性话题,不过科学家已经在缅甸琥珀中发现了距今1亿年前的蜜蜂。

相比起被认为是人类始祖的类人猿,则出现在5500万年前。在进化长河中,蜜蜂和人类的相处期竟然如此漫长,蜜蜂和人类的关系,可能也远比我们想象得更亲密。

在人类发现蔗糖和甜菜糖之前,是蜜蜂生产的蜂蜜开拓了人类舌头味蕾上最初的甜。假如蜜蜂灭绝了,首先人类可能再享受不到蜂蜜的美味了;其次,除了玉米、小麦、大米等风媒作物以外,全球约30%的农作物都依赖虫媒授粉,如果传粉昆虫消失,虫媒作物的产量就会显著下降,有些甚至会出现减产甚至绝收的危机,人口数量持续暴增的人类将面临严重的饥荒。

据中国农业科学院蜜蜂研究所蜜蜂保护与生物安全研究室主任刁青云介绍,在一只蜜蜂的传粉过程中,它毛茸茸的身体上能沾住50万~75万粒花粉,使植物得到充分授精的机会,从而在提高粮食作物的产量和质量方面发挥巨大的作用。

刁青云向北京科技报|“科学加”客户端记者提供了一组实验数据:通过蜜蜂授粉的作物普遍增产在10%以上,其中油菜作物可增产30%,荔枝更是达到增产100%,另外,蜜蜂授粉还可以减少人类使用植物激素,种子和果实的质量和口感普遍会更好,因此也可以保障食品的安全性。

美国每年依靠家养蜜蜂授粉的农产品产值达150亿美元,差不多相当于美国食品年消耗量的1/3。据中国农业科学院蜜蜂研究所昆虫授粉与生态研究室主任安建东介绍,在我国种植的农作物中,虫媒作物面积产量和蜂群变化有着非常密切的相关性。过去50年,我国蔬果虫媒作物的种植面积增加了474%,产量增加了828%,除了品种、栽培管理技术的贡献外,虫媒作物产量的增加主要来源于我国家养蜜蜂数量的增加。

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