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[“如何看大宗商品价格上涨”系列评论⑤]“危及下游企业盈利”要高度重视

2017-09-11 07:11:38   中国经济网

大宗商品价格指数持续上涨,对下游加工企业生产经营环境产生了不利影响,并与劳动力成本的刚性上涨共同构成企业持续盈利的严峻挑战,下游企业如何采取有效应对措施,成为能否从竞争中胜出的一大关键因素

6月份以来,大宗商品价格指数(BPI)持续上涨;8月23日BPI收于874点,虽稍低于今年2月中旬的高点,但与去年2月份最低点660点相比已上涨了32.4%。上半年我国企业效益持续好转,一方面是受去产能等供给侧结构性改革红利释放推动,另一方面也受益于年初以来BPI持续下降所产生的成本节约效应。同时,6月以来BPI的反转上涨走势,无疑对下游加工企业生产经营环境产生了不利影响,并与劳动力成本的刚性上升共同构成企业持续盈利的严峻挑战。

面对BPI上涨带来的经营压力,下游企业如何采取有效应对措施,将成为决定企业生死乃至能否从竞争中胜出的一大关键因素。

首先,要全面加强成本管理,从源头上化解成本上涨压力。成本管理始终是企业最直接最有效的降成本举措,尤其是对那些成本管理相对粗放的中小企业来说,全面加强成本管理能显著节约成本。应对BPI持续上涨,下游加工企业应优化产品设计,实现产品结构简化与轻便化,减少对原材料的占用;加强原材料投料管理,尽可能减少原材料加工损耗;加强生产过程质量控制,确保产出优质合格产品;加强原材料库存管理,最大幅度降低原材料库存成本;优化原材料供应渠道,灵活签订原材料供应合同;加强设备维护保养,优化生产流程,提高劳动生产率。

其次,要加快转型升级步伐,努力向价值链中高端跃升,提升加工增值率。加强成本管理,虽然能带来成本的直接节约,但终归是被动应对式的成本控制策略;向价值链中高端跃升,通过提升加工增值率来应对原材料成本的上涨,则具有突出的主动性特征。据有关机构估计,我国制造业增值率约为21.5%,发达国家则在35%以上,美国、德国甚至超过40%。也正因为如此,BPI的持续上涨,对我国加工制造企业的影响更为显著。所以,BPI的持续上涨,对我国下游加工企业来说,既是风险,也是机遇。我国制造企业发展到当前阶段,已经具备了转型升级的基础,绝大部分大中型制造企业完全有条件有能力通过转型升级,向价值链中高端跃升,主动化解BPI上涨所带来的成本压力,削弱BPI变动对企业经营业绩的影响。

最后,商业模式创新和生产要素重整,也是下游加工企业化解BPI上涨压力的可选路径。“互联网+”战略与中小加工企业的深度融合,为企业商业模式创新拓展了广阔空间;电子商务、联合采购、设备共享等,都可以有效降低生产制造成本,缓解BPI上涨对下游加工企业生产经营的冲击。处于规模不经济阶段中小加工企业的大量存在,为通过并购重组完成生产要素重整,进而实现规模经济效益提供了舞台。并购重组及其生产要素重整所创造的规模经济性,可以有效对冲BPI上涨带来的成本压力。关键是企业要放弃“宁为鸡头,不做凤尾”的错误理念,不对市场化并购重组采取排斥抵制态度;同时,政府部门也要深化体制机制改革,清除各种不利于并购重组的有形无形障碍,减少对企业市场化行为的干预。

(原文来源:经济日报 作者:刘兴国 中国企业联合会研究部研究员,博士)

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