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荒漠化防治的中国奇迹

2017-09-11 06:31:37   中国经济网

单人,10秒,种下一棵树?不错。在沙地上,一位小伙子左手拿着一根沙柳枝,右手将铁头水管轻轻插进沙里。瞬间,水流就在沙地上冲出1米来深的小洞。他将柳枝插入孔内,这就成了。挖坑、栽树、浇水一次性完成,用时不到10秒钟,成活率超过90%,与传统方法比,效率提高14倍。

没水的地方怎么办?那就螺旋钻打孔。沙漠表层虽然干旱,深层也有地下水,这方法成活率也能达65%。

亿利集团近年来根据沙漠的地质特点研发的这种“水冲种植法”“螺旋钻打孔种植法”,大大提高了沙漠造林的效率。如今,王文彪已带领大家将6253平方公里的沙漠变成了绿洲,小盐场也壮大成亿利资源集团。

与28年前比,鄂尔多斯森林覆盖率已从不足3%升到26.7%,植被覆盖率超过80%。治理区内的沙丘高度平均降低了近50%,年均降雨量由100毫米增至300多毫米,部分区块地表还出现了腐殖质层。

“中国往往把复杂的技术简化,能够在世界各地推广。”吉尔吉斯斯坦丝绸之路研究中心副主任阿斯兰贝克·欧姆科夫建议其他国家从库布其引进治沙技术。

通过苦干和巧干,过去5年,我国荒漠化、沙化危害最严重的内蒙古,荒漠化、沙化土地分别净减少了41.69万公顷、34.32万公顷,全国沙化土地面积则平均每年净减少1980平方公里。

中国一举扭转荒漠化趋势,成为世界生态建设史上的奇迹!

靶向施策标本兼治

“库布其治沙创造了奇迹,这个成功源于中国政府在改善生态的同时,还帮助沙区人民脱贫致富。”巴基斯坦可持续发展政策研究院主席沙法特·卡卡赫尔说。

我国荒漠化趋势得以成功扭转,正是得益于精准施策、靶向治理。

土地荒漠化既是生态问题,也是贫困问题,治沙与治穷必须紧密结合,才能从根本上遏制荒漠化。沙区多是贫困地区,也是精准扶贫的主战场。全国830个贫困县中,有290个深处沙区。

以“三北”防护林体系建设工程为例,最初设想是在风沙危害和水土流失严重的西北、华北、东北406万平方公里国土上,人工造林添绿,重点治理风沙危害、水土流失。随着工程的推进,营造薪炭林也被列为工作重点之一。这是因为在沙区,林木稀少,老百姓全靠扫羊粪、刨草根解决燃料问题。“三北”防护林体系建设工程通过营造薪炭林,解决了老百姓生产生活所需的燃料、饲料、肥料问题,进而间接保护了植被,减少了沙化和水土流失。

张建龙说,党的十八大以来,我国通过吸纳贫困人口参与沙区生态建设与保护、实施沙区灌木林平茬及加工扶贫项目、培育沙区特色产业,成功探索出生态美、百姓富有机统一的防沙治沙新路子。

格什朝格图所在的道图村,就是整村脱贫的典型。全村以前散居在库布其沙漠里32户牧民,如今通过扶贫搬迁,都聚居到牧民新村,从事种树、养护树木、旅游等与沙产业相关的工作,每户年均收入一二十万元。格什朝格图又和妻子开了一家旅游饭庄,每年纯收入10多万元。

国家林业局数据显示,“三北”工程累计完成造林保存面积2918.5万公顷,其中经济林667万公顷,1500万人依靠特色林果业实现了稳定脱贫。目前,全国沙区农牧民收入持续保持了18.6%的年均增幅,贫困人口减少到2015年的1597万,贫困率由40.7%大幅下降到12.4%。张建龙说,我国北方重点沙区有灌木林资源约3.3亿亩,其中有1000万亩亟待平茬复壮,平茬枝叶加工利用,增收潜力仍然很大。

由“沙进人退”到“人进沙退”,生态美,百姓富,中国向世界提交了一份完美的答卷!(经济日报·中国经济网记者 黄俊毅)

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