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科普:为何东北航道成为远洋商业航线

2017-09-05 16:45:43   中国经济网

新华社“天健”轮9月5日电科普:为何东北航道成为远洋商业航线

新华社记者刘诗平

8月31日从中国连云港出发的“天健”轮目前已进入鄂霍次克海,预计5天后进入白令海峡,从北冰洋上的东北航道前往欧洲。对这条航道,过去的航海家花了几个世纪才走通,近来才真正作为一条远洋商业航线受到关注。

商船为什么要经东北航道前往欧洲?途中要经过哪些海域和关键节点?与经苏伊士运河去欧洲的传统航线相比哪个更便利?在北极恶劣环境中,海冰、海雾、海浪等“拦路虎”哪个更可怕?“天健”轮在此次航行中努力找寻着这些问题的答案。

在常常冰封的北冰洋上,人们一直在探索东北航道、西北航道和中央航道等航线,因为它们相比传统航线有路程短的优点。当今世界航运大部分航线位于东亚、西欧和北美这三大区域之间,但由于大陆阻隔,三大区域间贸易运输绕航严重,过去只能通过巴拿马运河和苏伊士运河缩短海上航程。北冰洋连接太平洋和大西洋,可提供更短的航线,但北极的海冰使得这些航线长期只是探索性质,没有大规模商业化。

近来随着全球变暖,北冰洋上的海冰在夏季大量融化,人们开始认真考虑通过东北航道连接东亚与西欧的商业价值。商船通过这条航道从欧洲往返东亚的一些港口可以省时间、省成本,可避开夏季印度洋西南季风对船舶航行安全的困扰,还能减少海盗袭扰的风险等。

2013年,中国远洋海运集团旗下的“永盛”轮从中国江苏太仓港出发,历经27天航行,停靠荷兰鹿特丹港,成为第一艘经东北航道完成亚欧航线的中国商船,比传统的经苏伊士运河航线缩短2800多海里,时间减少9天。

本次航行的“天健”轮船长沈建新告诉记者,这次走东北航道从连云港到首个卸货港丹麦埃斯比约港共7670海里、约航行25天,将比走苏伊士运河节省里程3390海里,节省时间约12天,节省燃油约320吨,折合减少二氧化碳排放超过1000吨。

走东北航道的优势很多,劣势也同样明显。白令海峡是太平洋进入北冰洋的唯一入口。商船从太平洋穿过白令海峡驶往欧洲,要经过俄罗斯北边的楚科奇海、东西伯利亚海、拉普捷夫海、喀拉海,也就是俄罗斯人常称的“北方四海”。据有经验的船员介绍,在这些区域航行主要受海冰、海雾、海浪等恶劣环境和极昼、寒冷等不利因素影响,它们可以说是北极航行中的“拦路虎”。

受气候影响,东北航道可通航时段有限,通过窗口大致是每年7月中旬至10月中旬。航道两端,即白令海峡和挪威沿海的大风大浪天气较为频繁。根据海冰情况,船舶可能需要雇请破冰船护航。有雾的天气在冰区航行最危险,是对船员心理素质、业务能力和身体状况的严峻考验。

在北极地区航行还可能受极昼的影响,船员工作的时候是白天,睡觉也是白天,造成生物钟紊乱。由于极昼和低温同时存在,船员在午夜阳光下干活、夏季穿着棉衣在甲板上干活,也是在东北航道上常见的画面。

从救援角度看,东北航道沿线人烟稀少,“北方四海”沿线只有一些小型港口,应急救援力量匮乏。如果要在这条航线上进行救援,目前主要依赖的是破冰船及远程直升机。因此,船舶及船员都要进行全方位的准备和培训,对可能遇到的各种情况进行分析评估,制定应急措施和预案。

今年6月,中国有关方面发布《“一带一路”建设海上合作设想》,积极推动共建经北冰洋连接欧洲的蓝色经济通道。记者最新了解到,除“天健”轮外,能确定今年航行东北航道的商船还包括4艘中国远洋海运的船舶。其中,“莲花松”轮和“大安”轮分别计划从连云港和天津出发,经东北航道抵达欧洲;“天福”轮和“天乐”轮计划从欧洲装载货物后,经东北航道返回中国。

业内人士预计,随着全球气候变暖、海冰融化加快,东北航道会提供新的商机,沿途航行条件和设施有望逐步改善,将来会有越来越多的中国商船航行在东北航道上。

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