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国会争论不休 方案受到质疑 美国税收改革困难重重

2017-09-01 07:21:20   中国经济网

国会内部争论不休,使得税收改革方案的前景蒙上了一层阴影,加上特朗普的讲话在关键问题上留下了空白,并未明确在哪些领域增加税收以弥补减税亏空来避免扩大财政赤字。由此看来,特朗普全力以赴推出的税改方案还面临着诸多困难。

美国东部时间8月30日下午,美国总统特朗普在路易斯安那州斯普林菲尔德发表讲话称,沉重的税赋使美国企业在全球失去了竞争力。只有对企业和个人减税实行税收改革,才能振兴美国经济,使更多的美国海外公司回归美国,为普通美国人带来更多的工作岗位,为中产阶级带来实惠,使美国再次强大。

特朗普认为,税收改革是振兴美国经济的重要措施,但他在讲话中并未提及税收改革法案细节,只是笼统地提及要将公司税从35%降至15%。特朗普表示,美国的公司税是全球最高的,美国公司为了躲避高额税收去海外投资建厂,这使美国人丧失了很多工作机会,也使美国减少了上万亿美元的税收收入。他在讲话中多次敦促国会给予合作,号召两党支持“亲美的税收改革”,为美国企业和个人减税,称“这是我们这代人唯一一次能为辛苦工作的美国人减税的机会”,希望国会不要让他失望。

同时,特朗普再次强调了其税收改革的4个原则:一是努力构建简单、公平、易懂的税收体系,堵塞逃税漏洞;二是降低公司税率,创造更多的就业机会,提高工人工资;三是为中产阶级减税;四是将美国海外公司的税收带回美国本土。

目前,特朗普政府的6人税改班子正与国会共和党议员闭门商议,目前相关税改方案的具体内容还没有出台,特朗普政府原计划在8月份拿出完整的税收改革方案。从进度上看,此次税改确实有难度。历史上,里根政府的税收改革方案也花费了一年半时间才最终出台。美国财政部长努钦表示,税收改革方案的时间表预计将从10月份推迟至年底。白宫目前不仅面临提高债务上限的压力,还要抽出时间应对哈维飓风带来的挑战,敦促国会通过灾后救助方案。除此之外,政府还要与国会商讨税收改革方案的细节。《纽约时报》认为,要在年底前拿出一个政府和国会都能接受的方案,可能性几乎为零。预计方案最快也得等到明年年初才能出台。因此,此间有分析人士指出,要在如此短的时间内制订税收改革方案,最终是否会沦为减税方案也未可知。

无论是为公司减税还是为个人减税,问题主要集中在细节上。就个人减税来说,目前白宫计划将现有的7项联邦个人所得税税率合并为3项:10%、25%以及35%,对富人的税收将从目前执行的39.6%降至35%。在现有税收体制下,一对已婚夫妇年收入如在470701美元以上,需要支付39.6%的所得税。为推出新的税改方案,现任政府还面临着如何界定富人的标准等问题。因此,税收改革可以说是个深不可测的泥潭。难怪美国民主党全国委员会主席汤姆·佩雷斯对共和党的个税改革持批评态度。他认为,税收改革真正受益的是美国富人和大公司,与普通老百姓无关。他说,“在此方案下,最富的美国人会变得更加富有,付出代价的则是中产阶级”。因此,税收改革不应只照顾仅占美国人口1%的富人,特朗普和共和党应该停止为自己代表的富人牟利,应该与民主党合作,寻求两党都能接受的真正让美国中产阶级受益的税收改革方案。

就企业减税来说,一些经济学家认为,短期来看,企业减税对普通工人没有好处,工资短期内也不会上涨,受益的只是富裕的企业主和他们投资资本的增长。此外,美国企业海外建厂其实是国际分工使然。美国国内劳动力成本高昂,企业家选择将劳动密集型企业和服务业转移到国外是可以理解的,这也是美国倡导的市场经济动力所在。

据彭博社最新发布的消息,大部分共和党议员认为,公司税从35%降至15%的目标不切实际,25%的减税目标应该是两党都能接受的。有分析指出,正是由于国会内部争论不休,才使税收改革方案的前景蒙上了一层阴影,加上特朗普的讲话在关键问题上留下了空白,并未明确在哪些领域增加税收以弥补减税亏空来避免扩大财政赤字,以实现“收入中性”目标。由此看来,特朗普全力以赴推出的税改方案还面临着诸多困难,最终将推出何种方案、何时推出,还有待观察。(经济日报驻纽约记者 朱 旌)

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