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电业弃风弃光问题亟待解决

2017-08-31 06:35:40   中国经济网

我国风电消费增长远远慢于装机速度,致使弃风问题日益严重,造成较大的资源浪费。

能源供给宽松是近年来弃风弃光问题产生的原因之一,但从深层看,风电、光电发展与现行电力体制不匹配、技术不成熟、跨区域消纳风电和光电的难度大、需求侧尚未形成大规模消纳风电和光电的能力才是引发弃风弃光问题的根本原因

近年来,我国部分地区和行业出现弃风弃光问题,不仅造成资源浪费,而且影响着风电、光电产业的长远发展,解决弃风弃光问题迫在眉睫。

数据显示,2001年以来,我国风电年度新增装机容量从4.2万千瓦增长到2016年的2337万千瓦,累计装机容量增长到2016年的1.69亿千瓦,累计并网装机容量1.49亿千瓦,占全部发电装机容量的9%。2016年风电发电量达到2410亿千瓦时,占全部发电量的4%。从区域分布看,华北、西北和华东地区是我国风电产业集中的地区,三个地区2016年风电累计装机量占到全国总量的72.5%。

然而,我国风电消费增长却远远慢于装机速度,致使弃风问题日益严重,造成较大的资源浪费。2013年以来,我国弃风率从10.7%上升到2016年的17%左右,2016年全国弃风量达到497亿千瓦。相比弃风问题,虽然弃光总量较小,但浪费现象也很严重。

能源供给宽松是近年来弃风弃光问题产生的原因之一,但从深层看,风电、光电发展与现行电力体制不匹配、技术不成熟、跨区域消纳风电和光电的难度大、需求侧尚未形成大规模消纳风电和光电的能力才是引发弃风弃光问题的根本原因。

解决弃风弃光问题,首先应完善风电、光电发展保障机制。不但要在法律上进一步明确可再生能源的战略和优先地位,实现化石能源和可再生能源并重,通过落实保障性收购制度、可再生能源发展基金、补贴资金长效机制等措施,还要从项目开发上防止弃风弃光问题继续恶化,统筹规划“火水核风光”布局,加强风电、光电项目与火电、水电、核电等电力项目的协调,根据弃风和弃光实际情况,控制不同区域开发风电和光电的节奏。

其次,应加强技术研发和推广应用。一方面,应加大资金投入和政策扶持力度,支持先进技术研发,实现风电和光电设备的智能化、高产能和低功耗,进一步降低风电光电成本;另一方面加强天然气电站、抽水蓄能电站建设,增强电网调频、调峰能力和灵活性,提高电网消纳能力。同时,应大力发展储能产业,加快智能微电网技术和储能技术的推广应用。

再次,应推进风电、光电的就近利用和跨区消纳。比如,在甘肃、新疆等弃风弃光严重地区,有序降低火电比例,为风电和光电提供消纳空间。在风、光资源充沛地区,因地制宜发展耗电型制造业,扩大用电需求,实现就近消纳。

此外,还应开发需求侧大规模用电能力。一是在工业领域鼓励电锅炉、电窑炉替代燃煤、燃油和燃气锅炉、窑炉,对传统工艺实施智能化改造,提升工业电气化水平,逐步改变以煤为主的工业用能结构,加快智能微电网技术和储能技术的应用,提高风电和光电使用比例。二是在交通领域加大技术研发力度,增强动力电池能量密度、安全性、经济性和使用寿命,扩大充电桩等配套设施建设,加快新能源汽车的推广应用,提高电动汽车利用风电和光电的能力。三是在商业区、校园、社区、乡村等地方,鼓励发展屋顶分布式光伏发电,积极开展社区智能微电网建设,提高风电和光电在建筑中的使用比例。(李佳霖)

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