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麦当劳回应中国不在停用抗生素鸡首批名单:将遵守中国法律

2017-08-24 17:07:00   中国青年网

8月23日,美国快餐连锁巨头麦当劳公司宣布,公司将于2018年起要求全球的肉鸡供应商开始逐步停止使用人类抗生素,以防止出现更多的超级细菌,中国未出现在第一批名单中。

麦当劳在声明中要求,肉鸡供应商逐步停用世界卫生组织认定的人类药物中“最高优先级的重要抗菌药物”(HPCIA)。

麦当劳公布的时间表显示,自2018年1月起,公司将在巴西、加拿大、日本、韩国、美国和欧洲市场率先停止使用人类抗生素鸡肉,不过欧洲供应商仍然可以使用粘菌素。到2019年年末,澳大利亚和俄罗斯的供应商也将停止使用这些抗生素,欧洲供应商停止使用粘菌素。其余市场供应商则将在2027年1月全面停止使用。

此外,麦当劳还计划将这一政策推广至其他肉类、奶牛和蛋鸡。

关于中国未列在首批减少抗生素使用的名单中,麦当劳中国向澎湃新闻发出声明称,“在中国,麦当劳与全球减少使用抗生素的目标一致,并一直与政府相关部门、供应商、行业协会、学术专家密切合作,根据中国农业的实际情况,推进行业的可持续发展。”

但麦当劳中国方面认为,以禽类饲养为例,“在治病过程中合理使用抗生素是必须的”,其供应商会在兽医的指导下用药,药品的种类、用法和用量严格遵守中国相关法律法规。麦当劳也严格要求供应商执行关于停药期的相关规定,在餐厅使用的鸡肉均通过相关检测,包括有资质的第三方实验室的抽检。

中国农业大学副教授朱毅也同意了“合理使用抗生素是必须的”观点。她向澎湃新闻解释称,“停用抗生素”是有特殊界定的,畜禽不用抗生素是相对的概念,美国禁用抗生素指的是不用人类抗生素,而欧盟从2006年起就全面禁止抗生素用作饲料添加剂,即无病防病,用了促动物生长的那些抗生素。美国麦当劳此举会缩减动物用抗生素的种类和数量,但如果美国和欧盟的鸡病了,最终依旧不得不求助抗生素,只是用准用的抗生素。

至于中国很难与其他一些国家同步,朱毅认为,这首先与中国的抗生素来得容易、价格低廉有关,全球四分之三的青霉素工业盐、五分之四的头孢菌素类抗生素、十分之九的链霉素类抗生素产于中国,中国是当仁不让的抗生素生产大国;其次,中国人对抗生素耐药性的认识不足,使得其在中国的使用基础太深得人心,人也用得很厉害,家禽牲畜更是如此。

而中国的养殖条件层次不齐也是一个客观因素,养殖者本身对抗生素的警惕性不高,加上一些养殖环境、方式未达标,短时期还达不到完全停用抗生素的要求,这就导致中国要想跟上国际步伐,在饲料中停止添加抗生素,道阻且长。

牲畜使用人类抗生素的严重后果也是多年来被强调的。

资料显示,在美国,超过70%的重要的医疗抗生素被出售用于牲畜使用。科学家们警告,持续使用抗生素来促进食用动物生长和预防农场动物疾病,会导致耐抗生素超级细菌感染的增加,每年至少有23000名美国人因此而死亡,这也会对全球健康构成重大威胁。

路透社援引消费者联盟(Consumer Union)食品政策项目主管Jean Halloran的声明称:“考虑到麦当劳公司巨大的购买力,如果这一计划全力实施,它将彻底改变市场环境。”

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