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臭氧:碧空下的“污染”隐忧

2017-08-23 11:03:26   中国经济网

在气象界,如果说“雾霾君”是人人痛恨的“头号公敌”,那么“蓝天君”便是人人欢迎的“人气之王”。越是碧空如洗、蓝的透彻,越是能迅速在人们的“朋友圈”等社交媒体上霸屏。然而,殊不知,蓝天下也暗藏着威胁人们身体健康的“隐形杀手”——臭氧污染,它们经常在好天气里作祟,制造一起起污染事件,让人防不胜防。为了揭开“臭氧”的神秘面纱,记者日前走进中国气象局进行了采访。

“无形杀手”如何诞生

近年来,臭氧污染渐渐为人们所关注。就在今年5月中下旬,看起来晴好的天气下,空气质量却不容乐观。北京、天津、河北中南部部分城市空气质量达到中度污染,短时可至重度污染,其首要污染物为臭氧。

因为常常与“好天气”作伴,这个污染者常常隐藏至深,甚至被轻易“洗白”。对此,中国气象科学研究院大气成分研究所副所长徐晓斌表示,不要以为天气好就没有污染,事实上,就是因为天气太好,才容易形成臭氧污染的有利气象条件。

“臭氧污染实际上是一种光化学污染,它不是直接排放出来的,而是由氮氧化物和挥发性有机物在高温强光照的天气背景下产生的污染物。夏季气温上升,天气晴朗,紫外线强烈,臭氧污染进入高发季节。华北地区每年5月到10月左右容易出现臭氧污染。”徐晓斌说。据了解,5月中下旬的污染过程,就是因为京津冀及周边地区受低压系统控制,且气温不断攀升,污染物扩散条件不利,光照加强、温度升高等气象因素为臭氧生成提供了更便利的条件。

与雾霾一样,臭氧也是近地面层的主要大气污染物。根据我国的空气质量监测标准,臭氧1小时平均浓度超过200微克/立方米,即为超标;当某日臭氧浓度的最大8小时滑动平均值超过160微克/立方米时,则确定当日出现臭氧污染。

不同的是,雾霾来自直接颗粒物排放和其他气态物转化为气溶胶,既有一次污染也有二次污染;而臭氧污染是光化学反应产物,属于二次污染。汽车、工厂、餐饮油烟等污染源排入大气的挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)和氮氧化物(NOx)等一次污染物,在强烈的阳光紫外线照射下,吸收太阳光的能量,使原有的化学链遭到破坏,发生光化学反应,生成臭氧、过氧乙酰硝酸酯(PAN)等二次污染物。参与光化学反应过程的一次污染物和二次污染物的混合物被称为光化学烟雾。臭氧是光化学烟雾的主要成分。

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