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进口农产品并非由于供给短缺

2017-08-14 02:46:43   中国经济网

近年来,进口的农产品品种和数量确实在增加,但进口增加并不意味着国内大宗农产品出现供给短缺,主要还是因为国际价格低于国内价格,进口有利可图。国际贸易遵循的首要原则就是比较优势,任何一个国家不可能也完全没有必要做到“万事不求人”。所以,对我国来说,必须统筹利用好国内国外两种资源、两个市场,在确保谷物基本自给的同时适度进口,深化同主要贸易伙伴国家的战略合作

日前,我国商务部先后批准了美国对华出口牛肉和大米。有人因此担心进口农产品会冲击国内市场,也有个别人以为扩大进口来源国是供应不足的表现。但在笔者看来,适度进口不仅丰富了消费者的选择,也符合国际贸易规律。适度进口国外农产品、深化同主要贸易伙伴国的农业合作,也是国家总体战略和粮食安全战略的要求。

去年,我国粮食进口量高达1.14亿吨,相当于黑龙江和吉林两省的粮食总产量。但其中七成以上是大豆,进口量达8391万吨,同时大豆在国际上并不被纳入粮食口径;作为主要粮食的三大谷物进口量不大,只占国内总产能约3%。尽管饭碗依然牢牢端在中国人自己手中,但也必须认清一个现实,即我国农产品供求格局已从原来的“总体平衡、丰年有余”过渡到长期处于紧平衡状态,一定程度上推动进口的农产品品种和数量都在增加,尤其是肉类、奶制品进口增速较快。

进口增加本身并不可怕,厘清增加的原因却很有必要。进口增加并不意味着国内大宗农产品出现供给短缺,主要还是因为国际价格低于国内价格,进口有利可图。国际贸易遵循的首要原则就是比较优势,任何一个国家不可能也完全没有必要做到“万事不求人”。在大宗农产品方面,东南亚的稻谷、澳大利亚的牛奶、阿根廷的牛肉、美国的一些农产品在全球都有价格优势。加之,为保护农民利益,我国曾不断提高粮食最低收购价,使得国内外价差被拉大。

我国作为一个13亿人口的大国,基本国情就是人多、地少、水缺,如果只局限于国内的水土资源,不可能满足中国百姓对食品的全部需求。所以,必须统筹利用好国内国外两种资源、两个市场,基本政策就是确保谷物基本自给,还要适度进口,深化同主要贸易伙伴国家的战略合作。

一方面,我国加入世界贸易组织(WTO)后,包括农产品在内的所有产品都要与国际市场对接,参与国际竞争和合作。如今,我国已是世界最大的大豆进口国、第二大棉花进口国、第三大猪肉进口国、第六大乳制品进口国。但在水果、蔬菜、水产品方面,我国则具有很强的出口竞争力;另一方面,与其他WTO成员一样,我国需要按规则保护自己的农业产业安全和农民利益。因此,我国对谷物实行可控制、有管理的开放;粮食进口实施关税配额管理,小麦963.6万吨、玉米720万吨、大米532万吨,配额内征收1%的关税,配额外则征收65%的关税。以我国粮食年产量超过6亿吨计算,即使达到配额最高值,进口占比依然很低。从数据看,谷物进口占国内产量的比例不超过3%、猪肉进口占比为3%、乳制品进口占比为7.5%。

说到底,积极稳妥利用国际农产品市场和国外农业资源是一项长期战略布局,我国也一直在实施推进当中。据测算,通过国际贸易和合作,我国利用了国际上相当于7亿亩播种面积的土地生产粮食和大豆、棉花、糖料等农作物。现在,有必要积极稳妥扩大这一战略布局。但也需要谋定而后动,把握好进口的规模和节奏,区分品种、有保有舍,明确进什么、进多少、从哪里进、以什么方式进,防范可能给国内农业发展带来的冲击。(作者:农 兴 来源:经济日报)

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