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黄河连续18年不断流是如何实现的?

2017-08-12 22:12:21   中国经济网

从1999年8月12日至今,黄河干流连续12年未预警,连续18年不断流,为流域及相关地区可持续发展提供了可靠的水资源保障。

面对流域来水减少、用水急剧增长的严峻形势下,黄河是如何实现连续18年不断流的呢?

拦洪蓄水

非汛期黄河主要来水区来水量的持续偏低,水库蓄不上水,极端天气下可能引发流域性干旱,这一直是困扰黄河治理的主要问题。2016年10月底,被誉为黄河水塔的龙羊峡、刘家峡水库蓄水仅200亿立方米左右,达到2005年以来最少。

拦洪蓄水是黄河治理的一大举措。去年主汛期,黄河防总根据中长期天气预报,科学研判来水、用水和水库蓄水,充分利用湟水、大通河以及干流来水时机,精细调度骨干水利工程,在确保防洪安全的前提下,适度承担风险,有效拦蓄洪水,努力增加水库蓄水。2016年8月20日安排小浪底水库向后汛期汛限水位过渡;9月20日安排三门峡水库向非汛期运用水位过渡,将洪水水害的一面转化为水利的一面。

与此同时,黄河防总综合考虑水库蓄水、工程现状、宁蒙河道过流能力和确保防凌安全的基础上,采用小流量封河的措施,尽最大可能压减水库下泄流量,为黄河未来较长时期的供水安全筹集水源。

2015至2016年度防凌期内,刘家峡、小浪底水库分别较凌汛初期增加蓄水量12.01亿立方米和12.65亿立方米。至2016年11月1日,8大水库较入汛初期多蓄水52.04亿立方米,为冬春流域抗旱储备了宝贵水源。

精准调度

为应对主汛期黄河的来水量少的现状,去年7月1日至8月20日黄河防总办公室开展了小浪底水库汛限水位动态控制试验。滚动分析降雨及来水情况,强化会商研判,逐日分析计算水库调度方案,实时调整下泄流量;针对中游5次洪峰流量较小、含沙量较低的洪水过程,超前精细调度小浪底水库,满足试验要求。

此次小浪底水库汛限水位动态控制试验实现了在确保黄河下游防洪安全的前提下,枯水年主汛期增蓄水量10.5亿立方米,电站增发电量3.6亿千瓦时。

每年3至6月是黄河下游冬小麦灌溉用水的高峰期,4至6月是黄河上游省(区)春小麦、玉米等农作物灌溉用水的高峰期。水调部门在尽可能满足农作物关键生长期用水需求的情况下,统筹当前和后期用水需求,科学调控水库下泄流量,节约有限的水资源,保证蓄水量,确保流域当前及后期抗旱灌溉供水安全。

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