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日本汽车业发力追赶消费新潮流 研发新型电动汽车

2017-08-11 06:57:39   中国经济网

多年来,日本车企着眼通过技术改进提高燃油效率,一直在降低燃油能耗上做文章。但在全球环保意识加强、国际消费市场巨变大潮中,日本车企意识到世界市场的变化,开始调整发展战略,旨在迎头追赶世界汽车消费新潮流。

近日,丰田汽车公司宣布,与马自达汽车共同投资1000亿日元研发新型电动汽车,并将在美国新建年产30万辆电动汽车的新工厂,预计2021年投产。这一举动表明,在全球环保意识加强、国际消费市场巨变大潮中,多年来以提高燃油效率为目标的日本汽车业开始调整发展战略,旨在迎头追赶世界汽车消费新潮流。

为保护地球环境,各国相继出台新政策引导世界车企更新技术。由于温室气体大量排放导致地球环境发生重大变化,影响人类未来的生存。为此,最新达成的《巴黎协定》规定了各国具体减排目标,对保护地球环境功不可没。虽然美国特朗普政府退出了该协定,但世界减排方针没有变化,美国一些州政府也在坚持减排行动。汽车业是促进减排的重要领域。今年7月份,法国、英国政府纷纷宣布2040年后禁止销售化石燃料车辆。中国政府要求各汽车企业提高电动汽车的制造比例,逐步向电动汽车过渡,德国政府宣布鼓励新能源车辆发展,将购买节能环保汽车的补贴提升至4000欧元。美国加利福尼亚州政府宣布2018年后将不再认定油电混合车型为环保节能车型,力推纯电动汽车发展。

目前,国际上一些有战略眼光的车企已经走在电动化的前列。其中,中国的比亚迪汽车成为电动汽车生产比例最高的企业。同时,已纳入中资麾下的瑞典沃尔沃公司宣布2019年之后所有车型都将配备纯电动汽车。德国三大车企宣布2025年电动汽车的销售量将达到25%以上,大众汽车总裁马蒂亚斯·缪拉认为,未来汽车市场将是电动汽车的天下。

国际环保意识提高,倒逼车企改革求生存。目前,中国已经成为电动汽车发展最快的国家,纯电动汽车已占世界销售市场的三成以上。随着民众低碳环保意识的进一步提高及充电服务设施的完善,电动汽车的普及率将进一步提高。许多新兴国家更把发展电动汽车作为汽车工业弯道超车的捷径,投资势头不减。美欧市场也把电动汽车作为引领技术革命的新引擎,美国特斯拉的新款电动汽车售价仅3.5万美元,单价比老款降低一半。欧洲市场民众在低碳减排政策引导下,对新能源电动汽车的接受程度迅速提高。

由此,日本车企意识到世界市场的变化,开始调整战略迎头追赶。多年来,日本车企着眼通过技术改进提高燃油效率,一直在降低燃油能耗上做文章。丰田汽车上世纪90年代中期开发出的油电混合汽车,利用汽车行驶中的动能发电并储存入电池,平坦路上通过电机驱动汽车前进,只有在坡道等动力不足或电池蓄电不够时才启动汽油发动机工作,这一技术使汽车单位油耗降低一半以上,曾经被称为节能型汽车的代表和未来。截至今年上半年,该公司累计生产各型油电混合动力汽车1000万辆。但由于技术复杂,该型车成本高售价贵,制约了市场的扩大。为探索替代化石燃料,也有日本车企开发出燃料电池汽车,以氢气为原料,通过氢与空气中氧气的化学反应产生电能,再通过电机驱动汽车前行,只排放水汽。但该款车不仅技术成本高,而且加气站等服务设施配套困难,因此该型车虽已面市,却无法普及。

面对欧美及中国市场的变化,日本车企痛感战略调整的紧迫性。据预测,2025年世界电动汽车市场需求量将比2016年增加8倍,达到370万辆以上。技术的简化与进步更促进了纯电动汽车的发展。据介绍,石化燃料汽车的零件有3万个,纯电动汽车零件则减少了40%。今后电动汽车的竞争重点将是储电量、充电速度、放电均匀度等技术细节。结合自动驾驶技术的发展,电力驱动、智能控制已经成为汽车发展的明确方向。(经济日报驻东京记者 苏海河)

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