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“生病”的土地有哪些疗法?

2017-08-09 18:42:24   中国经济网

以前农民种田,松软的土地“会呼吸”,一锄头下去,还能翻出许多湿漉漉的蚯蚓,现在却不一样了,田地不长虫、不生草,“地下生物”也少了。农药、化肥乃至更多“加工品”的使用,虽然催生了不少单产,但是也让土地的健康状况每况愈下。

中国工程院院士、北京林业大学教授尹伟伦告诉记者,当前全国土壤环境质量总体良好,但局地土壤污染严重且变化加剧。我国粮食产量占世界的16%,化肥用量却高达31%,每公顷用量是世界平均用量的4倍,造成了整个土壤中营养的不平衡,过量的化肥,还不能持效,很快被水分冲到地下,造成环境污染。土壤有机质的含量在大大减少,土壤在衰退,结构在破坏,土壤在沙化。

与此同时,农药中大量有机氯和有机磷等等也污染着土壤,甚至于使农业的病虫害免疫能力在增强,给农地粮食安全带来非常严重的问题。再加上农膜污染、重金属污染、秸秆焚烧的影响等等,土壤生物多样性,土壤生态系统,特别是土壤微生物受整个环境影响,水、土、气、生、PH等要素都被逐渐改变。

如何治疗这些“生病”的土壤?专家表示,还需因地施策、标本兼修。

畜禽粪便资源化利用是最直接的手段。现在广西许多地方小面积的进行换土翻土与有机肥的利用,成效显著,但是有机物转化成肥料中,也需要注意很多问题。“现在动物饲料中为了促使皮毛光滑加了大量的硫酸铜,为了畜禽大量产蛋,因此加了很多激素和抗菌素,因此有污染的粪便在资源化利用前应该分析出来并统统用到林地上,林业木材生产上使用有残留的粪便,而确保无残留的粪便进入农业地。”尹伟伦说。

生物修复技术好似一副调理的“中药”,生物多样性多物种的利用,对于地力恢复是很好的自我调解过程。尹伟伦介绍,微生物菌群的加入,还有光化学、太阳辐射降解分解污染物,菌根的利用,对于污染物的分解也有好处。一些吸收重金属的林木可以解决土壤中轻度污染的问题,因此,可以采取农业与林业进行轮作的方式,把污染的土地有效的利用到林业生产中,经过一段时间再回到农业上去。此外,还可以借助化学物质,如碱性的磷酸盐、碳酸盐和石灰等等,使用抑制剂,将重金属转化为难溶解的化合物,减少农作物对其的吸收。

不同的病情,要开出不同的处方。中国工程院院士、中国环境监测总站研究员魏复盛指出,要对农业污染问题采取分类施策措施。对没有污染或轻微污染的土壤要优先保护,对于轻度、中度污染的土壤要安全利用,通过产业结构调整、农艺措施改善土壤环境,比如在污染的土地上种植水稻会吸收镉,而荔浦芋头就不吸收。而对重度污染的土壤,要依法依规改变土壤的用途,退耕还林还草。

专家表示,解决农地污染最根本的举措还是要推进农业的现代化和产业化,推动农业的循环生态建设,科学合理的用肥、用药,畜禽养殖的规模和消纳的农用地要匹配。“为此,我们要强化科技支撑和产业的发展,建议设立土壤保护与污染防治重大科技专项,加强对土壤污染来源、演化机理、不同形态污染物在土壤中的消长转化规律研究,加强土壤保护与污染防治核心技术、药剂装备的研究。建设国家环境质量的监测网络,以环保、农业、国土部门为主,建设国家土壤环境质量监测网络,按照统一规划、统一标准、统一规范、统一评价方法,实行农作物土壤环境质量点对点协同监测,实行监测数据共享。”魏复盛说。(中国经济网记者 杜芳)

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