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破解粮食产业“五高二低” 农产品价格形成机制应加快市场化

2017-08-07 07:03:46   中国经济网

◎ 推进粮食供给侧结构性改革要处理好总产与品种的关系。目前出现的产量、库存量、进口量“三量齐增”问题是阶段性问题,一定程度上也是技术性问题,而粮食安全则是战略性问题;

◎ 推进农产品价格形成机制改革,要在保持政策构架基本稳定的前提下,按照“价补分离”原则,逐步分离最低收购价政策“保增收”功能,同时建立相应利益补偿机制,综合运用价格和补贴等手段

近年来,我国粮食产业发生转变,实现了粮食连年增产,但仍存在“五高二低”的现象,即高产量、高库存、高进口、高价格、高成本、低消费量、低销售量。在日前举行的第十八届中国粮食论坛上,多位专家以“深入推进粮食供给侧结构性改革”为主题对此进行了分析。

“当前,粮食高产量、高进口、高库存问题日益突出,下游产业经营困难,财政负担加重,国际谈判压力增大,政策实施效果逐步衰减,外部性问题越来越严重。”国务院发展研究中心国际局局长程国强介绍,目前全国各类粮食企业库存5.8亿吨。稻谷库存达1.5亿吨,相当于国内消费总量的80%;小麦库存超过1亿吨,接近于国内消费总量;中央事权稻谷、小麦库存大幅增加,仓容严重紧张。

中国粮食行业协会会长、中粮集团总裁于旭波表示,农产品从生产到消费的产业链衔接不畅,个别品种阶段性过剩,品种之间产生了结构性矛盾,无法满足消费结构的升级需要。在于旭波看来,原因在于价格政策。“过去的农业价格支持政策对农业增产和农民增收发挥了很好的促进作用,但一定程度上也导致资源在价值链中的错配。高价格刺激的是数量,大路货越来越多了,抑制了适销对路的品种生产和品质提升。较高的支持价格,也使得农产品原料和产品价格倒挂,影响了下游企业的经营。”于旭波说。

近年来,为解决以往农产品价格支持政策所积累的矛盾,我国实施了棉花目标价格改革,取消了大豆、油菜籽临时收储,目前正推进玉米收储制度改革,已取得了明显成效。中央农村工作领导小组办公室一局局长赵阳认为,农产品价格改革要坚持分品种施策的路径,统筹把握好改革的时机、节奏和力度,“比如,对核心口粮——小麦和稻谷的改革,目前还没有从制度框架上进行大调整,就是考虑到各个品种的不同以及国家粮食安全的结构”。

赵阳表示,推进粮食供给侧结构性改革要处理好总产与品种的关系。当前我国粮食总产连续稳定在1.2万亿斤以上,但必须认识到粮食供求关系依然是“紧平衡”,在相当长的时期内不会改变。目前出现的产量、库存量、进口量“三量齐增”问题是阶段性问题,一定程度上也是技术性问题,而粮食安全则是战略性问题。从品种上来看,目前多的主要是玉米,而大豆缺口非常大;小麦和稻谷作为核心口粮品种,要保障绝对安全。

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