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助力中国走向深海研究舞台中心

2017-08-06 10:07:13   中国经济网

深海作为天然基因资源库,蕴藏巨大的应用开发潜力,成为国家重要的战略资源。当前,我国已成功建立库藏量和种类数居世界领先的海洋微生物资源库,在成绩的背后,是跨越式发展的深海生物资源调查能力和技术。对此,中国大洋矿产资源研究开发协会秘书长兼办公室主任刘峰给出了这样的评价:“我国大洋生物勘探技术的显著提高,助力中国走向深海研究舞台的中心。”

“中国对深海生物资源的调查,起步晚,发展快,是伴随着大洋整体科考进行的。”刘峰介绍,自20世纪90年代以来,我国深海资源调查工作取得了巨大的进步:调查资源从单一的多金属结核发展到多金属结核、富钴结壳、多金属硫化物、生物资源等多种资源同步开展;调查海域从东太平洋扩展到西太平洋、印度洋、大西洋等海域;调查船舶也从“大洋一号”一枝独秀扩展到“海洋六号”“向阳红10号”“向阳红09”等多艘海洋调查船舶并肩作战。目前大洋调查已经形成多种资源、多海域、多船作业的格局。

2000年以来,我国对大洋生物调查的40多个航次中,就有多次是生物资源调查。“工欲善其事,必先利其器”。“十多年来,我国持续开展深海装备升级和研发,深海装备技术逐步走向应用,深海调查能力进一步增强,在深海调查技术上实现了跟跑、并跑到目前个别领域的领跑,带动了深海生物科学研究领域的追赶。”刘峰说。

2012年6月,“蛟龙号”载人潜水器7000米级海试取得圆满成功,标志着中国具备了在全球99.8%的海洋深处开展科学研究、资源勘探的能力。中国自主研制的“海龙号”3500米深海观测和取样型无人缆控潜水器、“潜龙一号”6000米无人无缆潜水器等实用型深海装备,也已在多个大洋调查航次中成功应用。由以上“三龙”为代表的深海装备体系,成为中国深海生物资源调查的强大科技支撑。特别是“蛟龙号”的应用,显著提高了获取生物样品的准确性。

“蛟龙号”大深度下潜、定点作业的优势,可以获取依靠常规调查手段难以取得的样品和数据。比如深海着陆器能观察和采集到鱼类等游泳生物,却无法采集海绵、海葵、海百合等固着生物,“蛟龙号”则毫无障碍。更主要的是,科学家还可以搭乘它深入海底现场观察和研究。刘峰表示,目前载人潜水器“蛟龙号”已成功下潜150多次,即将进入业务化运行阶段。与此同时,“十二五”期间,我国自主成功研制了深海生态长期观测系统、深海沉积物原位定植培养系统与深海水体原位定植培养系统设备,实现了深海微生物的原位培养及深海生态系统长期观测的技术突破,获得了创新性研究成果。

在实验室培养深海微生物是目前深海生物科研人员面临的主要难题之一,也是国内外至今未突破的技术瓶颈。“绝大多数的深海微生物的生存条件极其苛刻,有的嗜热、嗜冷,还有的嗜盐、耐高压等。”想要充分还原深海环境,就要加强对深海的认知,努力探寻这些微生物的极端环境。“我们正在通过各种技术手段,包括研发深海原位培养装置、深海极端环境模拟平台等模拟深海环境,争取能够培养出更多的深海微生物资源。”刘峰说。

(本报记者 杨舒)

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