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故宫城墙首次启动“考古式”修缮 内侧修缮为主

2016-11-27 03:21:40   京华时报

工人正在城墙上测量。

故宫(微博)城墙。

建成于明代永乐十八年(1420年),至今已近600岁的故宫城墙是我国现存规模最大、保存最完整的皇家宫殿城墙,在中国筑城史上占据极其重要的地位。昨天,这些老城墙首次启动“考古式”系统维修,借以焕发新的青春。此外,历经10年论证,故宫基础设施改造工程同期启动。

文/京华时报记者张然图/京华时报记者王海欣

近600岁老城墙险象环生

中国城墙的各种物质形态经过数千年的发展、传承和演进,到明清时代已臻于高度成熟,故宫城墙即是明清官式建筑城墙类建筑的典范。故宫城墙始建于明代永乐四年(1406年),建成于永乐十八年(1420年)。城墙总长度3437.6米,不含城台的总长度2914.3米,城墙顶宽6.63米,底宽8.55米,高9.3米。主体结构为内以夯土为核心,外包砖砌体形式。四个方向开有四座城门,城门上建有城台和城楼。

目前城墙存在很大的安全隐患。记者在现场看到,城墙面层砖部分酥碱、风化、离鼓,且离鼓区域存在相对鼓胀的情况,最大鼓胀量达20厘米;侧墙上存在多条垂直裂缝,侧墙上部多处砌体因灰浆流失而松散、缺失;城墙地面沿中线发育有贯穿裂缝;城墙地面塌陷、夯土流失,城墙地面和侧面还有一些藤本植物。故宫有关专家介绍,这些都严重影响着城墙的安全,如遇暴雨将有局部坍塌的可能,修缮工作刻不容缓。

□揭秘

1历史上做过几次修缮?

上世纪50年代已有修补记录

故宫博物院院长单霁翔介绍,故宫城墙修缮是过去为期18年的紫禁城修复工程中尚未列入的项目。故宫博物院已委托勘察单位对城墙整体进行了详细勘察,做出病害分析,并针对险情最为严重的部分,制定了科学的修缮方案,从而启动城墙第一期修缮工程。

按照修缮计划,本次修缮区域为西华门北侧第一历史档案馆以北的一段,共计233米。据现有资料记载,上世纪50年代至70年代,该段城墙有两次局部修补记录;上世纪90年代的修缮,以城墙外侧修缮为主;2013年该段城墙发现严重险情,2014年对面层砖严重断裂、空鼓部分采取了临时的支顶加固措施。

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