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原标题:人体组织基因活性大规模破译
科技日报北京10月11日电(记者张梦然)我们能破译所有人体组织的基因活性吗?英国《自然》和《自然·遗传学》杂志10日发表一系列基因组学论文,全面介绍了基因表达在人体不同组织和不同个体中的差异,这些发现为认识健康组织中基因变异和基因表达的关联带来了新启示,为揭示有关疾病分子的起源提供了新线索。
人类基因组编码指令调控着基因表达,基因表达因细胞类型的不同而存在差异,产生具有不同功能的多样化组织;它们在不同个体中也存在差异。驱动这些差异产生的序列一般处于基因组的非编码区域,它们决定基因表达的方式和时间。但是,目前有关基因调控和基因表达在不同人体组织和个体中的差异的研究仍然有限。
基因型—组织表达(GTEx)研究联盟收集并研究了来自449名生前健康的人类捐献者的7000多份尸检样本,涵盖44个组织(42种不同的组织类型),包括31个实体器官组织、10个脑分区、全血、两个来自捐献者血液和皮肤的细胞系,美国博德研究所科学家利用这些样本,分析了基因表达在不同组织和个体中有何差异。他们采用了表达定量性状遗传位点(eQTL)作图法,显示大多数的人类基因受局部变异的影响,变异序列靠近受影响的基因。同时还鉴定出有93个基因的表达受到距离较远的变异的影响,包括位于不同染色体上的变异。
《自然》另一篇论文考察了罕见变异在基因表达中的作用,两篇论文采用GTEx数据,探讨了与基因表达相关联的基因变异如何能调节RNA编辑和X染色体失活现象。在《自然·遗传学》的文章中,作者介绍了GTEx项目的扩展,其为研究遗传差异如何通过分子表型一步步影响人类健康提供了资源。
综合而言,这些成果凸显了源自不同个体和不同组织的数据对于鉴定人类疾病相关变异背后的基因和机制的价值。芝加哥大学科学家在评论文章中称:各方齐心协力,克服了大规模获取人体死后样本所存在的伦理、法律和技术挑战,所生成的广泛数据,使人类向破译基因组调控密码又前进了一步,而基因变异对于基因表达的影响正逐渐变得明晰起来。
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