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美公司称新单级火箭能5分钟入轨 专家:技术不靠谱

2017-09-28 09:07:52   

美国Arca公司近日宣称,他们新研发的一款单级火箭“Haas 2CA”能在发射后5分钟将100公斤重的载荷送入地球轨道。该型火箭发射系统将开展一系列地面测试,预计在2018年发射。

如果这项技术取得成功,“Haas 2CA”将成为史上最快的火箭。不过航天专家、中国航天科工集团二院二部研究员杨宇光认为,从目前已知信息来看,这项技术并不靠谱。

杨宇光向科技日报记者介绍,将载荷发射进入环绕地球运行轨道的运载火箭,入轨速度需要达到每秒7.8公里以上。几十年来,人类都是采用多级火箭,才能达到这一速度,制约因素在于火箭发动机的比冲不够高。

比冲指单位推进剂所产生的冲量,是衡量火箭或飞机发动机效率的重要物理参数。杨宇光说,根据全世界广泛认可的齐奥尔科夫斯基火箭方程,火箭推进剂重量要占到火箭总质量的一定比例,才能产生足够的加速度。在相近情况下,多级火箭所产生的加速明显大于单级火箭。

不过,单级火箭并非完全不可能达到所需的速度。杨宇光介绍,目前有两种途径可以实现。“一是提高火箭发动机的比冲,比如利用液氢液氧燃料的发动机。”他说,例如美国曾研制的X-33技术验证飞机,就是想通过这种途径实现单级火箭入轨。记者了解到,X-33由洛克希德?马丁公司从1996年开始研制,其搭载一台波音公司特别开发的“J2S”火箭发动机,采用垂直起飞方式,能在飞机跑道上着陆。由于多项技术难关难以攻克,该项目于2001年被终止。

另一种途径是使用组合动力。杨宇光说,该技术将多种动力形式结合使用,例如在起飞阶段采用涡轮发动机;在大气层内用超燃冲压发动机,充分利用氧气提高发动机的比冲;飞出大气层外再采用火箭发动机。由于不同动力之间关系复杂,该技术的实现有一定难度,却非遥不可及。据科技日报记者了解,作为动力技术研究的前沿和热点,组合动力技术已受到各国关注。我国也已对其中一些关键技术开展了探索。在6月举行的2017年全球航天探索大会上,航天科工集团公布了基于组合动力、可重复使用的新一代天地往返飞行器研制计划。

然而,“Haas 2CA”火箭所用技术与上述两种途径均不相符。Arca公司声称,该火箭以过氧化氢和煤油为燃料,依靠“线性气尖引擎”产生理想喷流,实现无限膨胀比,增加引擎的比冲量。

杨宇光表示,对该发动机并不了解。但他认为,过氧化氢和煤油的燃料组合能量特性很差,其比冲远低于液氢液氧发动机。“用这样的燃料,发动机性能一定高不了,不可能实现单级入轨。”他表示。

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