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日本垃圾排放何以连年下降

2017-09-25 07:41:55   新华网

近年来,在全球垃圾排放量不断攀升的大背景下,日本却出现了垃圾排放量连年下降的趋势。2015年日本垃圾排放总量已经从2000年峰值的5483万吨降至4398万吨。日本人均垃圾排放量同样呈下行趋势,早在2008年就已降至每天千克以下。

其实,日本也曾有遭遇垃圾围城、甚至造成严重环境污染的痛苦经历。为解决垃圾问题,日本在上世纪90年代导入循环经济理念。1991年,日本颁布实施了《资源有效利用促进法》,该法提出要把垃圾当作资源来对待,倡导把自主回收和循环利用作为垃圾处理的重要手段。2000年,日本又提出构建“循环型社会”的目标,即从可持续视角出发,把垃圾处理贯彻到社会生产的源流、过程及最终处置等整个过程,推行实施“减少原料、再利用及循环利用”等三大解决方案。

在这种新理念指导之下,日本垃圾处理系统出现了许多新特征。首先,确立了明确的指标体系,形成了资源生产效率、循环利用率以及最终处理量等三大指标。2014年资源生产效率约为每吨资源创造37.8万日元的增值,这相比2000年(24.8万日元)提高了52%;垃圾循环利用率约为16%,2000年该数字为10%;垃圾最终处理量也从5600万吨快速降至目前的1500万吨,提前完成了政府的目标。

其次,市场化不断推进,民营企业逐渐成为主体力量。以垃圾收集业务为例,面向民营企业的委托占比已从1988年的30%提升至2015年的50%;相反,地方政府直营占比则从50%降至22%。从事垃圾处理的民营企业数量也不断增长,截至2015年已达1.9万家,从业人员超过25万人。

第三,垃圾分类越加细化,资源化减量与循环利用并进。其实,日本法律并未就垃圾分类作出明确规定,但作为垃圾处理负责机构的市町村自治体,为实现循环利用的目标,纷纷推出了趋于细化的垃圾分类方式。垃圾分类在8种以上的自治体多达88%,16种以上的达到32%。

最后,垃圾处理还带来多种直接经济效益。一是政府不必再投资兴建垃圾处理设施。目前日本垃圾最终处理设施的剩余容量超过1亿立方米,可满足今后20年的垃圾处理能力。二是垃圾处理事业经费不断下降,已经从2001年的近3万亿日元降至2015年的1.9万亿日元,财政压力得到缓解。三是垃圾燃烧过程的余热利用及发电效果显著,在全国1141家焚烧厂中,已有765家具备余热利用能力,垃圾年发电量也达到82亿千瓦时,相当于255万个家庭的用电量。

不过,日本垃圾处理也面临着一些新的考验,最突出的问题就是人口减少对原有垃圾处理系统、尤其是布局产生冲击,非经济性特征再现。此外,现有体系尚存的垃圾过度细分等问题也造成垃圾处理成本上升。

(张玉来 作者为南开大学日本研究中心副主任)

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