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全方位管住塑料垃圾污染

2017-09-20 09:52:12   央广网

日前,一篇题为《外卖,正在毁灭我们的下一代》的文章在朋友圈流传开来。该文指出,随着外卖成为一种生活方式,塑料污染也日益严重。数据显示,我国外卖用户规模达6亿,2016年在线外卖用户消费频次每周消费3次以上的用户占比高达63.3%。这意味着每周最少产生4亿个一次性打包盒、4亿个塑料袋,以及4亿份一次性餐具的废弃。叠加计算,全国每天产生的外卖垃圾大约超过350吨。

上述数字的确触目惊心。不过,若要将“垃圾围城”归结到外卖身上,恐怕免不了“标题党”嫌疑。多项研究指出,仅仅以生活垃圾中的塑料污染而论,外卖塑料垃圾占比并不算高,和它类似的还有快递、衣服、家居,甚至鼠标、键盘、手机等各种用品。其中,每种生活方式换算成数字都不可小觑,以快递为例,光是打包快递一年使用的胶带总长就有3.3亿卷,不可降解塑料袋约68亿个。倘若扩大到所有生产、生活场景中,这些数字惊人的程度还要翻几番,如人们通常认为污染严重的塑料袋只占塑料制品产量2.4%,而食品或物品包装袋、农用薄膜等却占到15.7%,等等。罗列出上述种种现象,是因为以外卖这种现代生活方式为切入口,可以观察到一个宏大而重要的命题,即在当今时代,塑料垃圾仍然是污染环境、破坏生态的一大“元凶”。

塑料垃圾的最大特征就是难以降解。当前主流处理方式是填埋、焚烧等,它不仅形成海洋、陆地污染,还能以塑料微粒或化学物质的形式进入人体。鉴于它危害较大,有学者将其形容为“20世纪人类最糟糕的发明”,更有不少团体呼吁取消塑料使用,比如曾有环保人士提倡大家多用纸袋,但纸袋生产工艺更难控制,污染更严重。同样,舆论场上有种颇受欢迎的观点叫“禁塑令”,虽然迎合了一些人的情绪,但也没有看到塑料制品大大丰富了人们的生产、生活方式,早已是现代文明不可分割的一部分。地理学家马丁·刘易斯在《绿色幻觉》中写道,“很大一部分人相信,人类的社会和生态问题只有靠重返原始的生活方式来解决”,这一论点相对而言并不靠谱。虽然塑料垃圾污染形势确实很糟糕,但一种更妥善的治理方式是变“禁”为“限”,以“疏”代“堵”,在管住污染上下功夫。

如何限塑?人们想当然从2008年起实施的“限塑令”找启示,事实证明,通过经济手段进行源头控制,的确可以产生效果,但外卖点餐和商超购物显然不能同构,在这一模式中,消费者很难找到塑料制品的替代物,而整个外卖市场还处于争抢用户的发展阶段,因此有意无意地绕过“限塑令”。因此,应该将注意力转向更前端的源头控制,不断提高塑料降解技术,通过行政手段、经济手段扩大可降解塑料制品的生产量。此外,比起就地掩埋、焚烧等各种常规处理,一种更先进的处理形式是回收再利用,比如废塑料能制作隔音材料、保温材料,甚至可以制成各种电视机壳、汽车壳等。在许多国家,塑料制品的回收率已经达40%以上,相比之下,我国还具有不小的成长空间,对此要大力发展塑料再利用产业,还要抓住时机,下大力气发展好垃圾分类工作。

今年是我国实施“限塑令”的第九个年头,虽然商超购物限塑取得一定成效,但随着外卖、快递等各种新生活方式的出现,“限塑令”遇到了不少新问题。对于治理者来说,这恰恰是丰富治理手段、提升治理能力的新契机,除了继续不遗余力地推行“限塑令”,我们也要在生产源头上加以控制,在回收处理上加大力度,全方位管住塑料垃圾。

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