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此前在中国热映的纪录片《二十二》,受到了包括年轻人在内的各年龄段人们的普遍关注。这部电影记录了日本侵华期间被日军强制做性奴隶的受害者(即“从军慰安妇”)现在的生活状态。电影镜头的记录对象是遭受日军性暴力的老妇人,呈现在大荧幕上的她们已是耄耋之年,看起来更像是饱经人生沧桑的老奶奶。作为纪录片,这部电影的解说词很少,更多是通过影像展示她们现在平平淡淡的日常生活,而观者却有“于无声处听惊雷”之感。
在日本,慰安妇是“过去”的问题
日军慰安妇是横亘在中日韩三国之间的沉重话题。然而,目前日本还没有关于《二十二》的相关报道。虽说电影刚上映不久,但在这样一个全球化、信息化时代,日本至今对此没有任何报道,仍然令人不可思议,这也反映出日本社会对于慰安妇问题的认识现状。
在日本社会中,日军慰安妇、日军性暴力受害者仅被当作一般性战争问题,政府非但没有反思日本所应承担的责任,反而仅仅将其视为“过去”的问题,当作“70多年前的问题”对待。此外,无论是把慰安妇看作“妓女”、继而否认日本军方和政府责任的观点,还是认为日本应承认对她们造成的伤害、日本应担负责任并进行赔偿的看法,本质上都将慰安妇视作尚未解决的、关于“过去”的问题。同样,许多日本民众对慰安妇过去的悲惨经历和现在的生活状态既不关心,也不理解。真正能够清楚了解她们在战后如何度日、在晚年如何生活的,恐怕只有像《二十二》中那位直接从事援助活动的日本年轻女性,但遗憾的是,这样的人太少了。
日本社会如果了解慰安妇及其家人现在怀着何种心情面对生活,在讨论历史问题时,他们像口头禅一样时常挂在嘴边的“无论什么时候都揪住过去不放”,并以受害者自居的姿态将难以为继。虽然《二十二》以这些老奶奶目前的日常生活为主,并非直接控诉日本的历史罪行,但生动的影像记录,令那些主张日军性暴力问题是“两国间条约已经解决”的人,再也无法继续无视慰安妇们的悲惨遭遇和受害现实。
在中国时,我去电影院观看了《二十二》。我发现,周围的观众中年轻人很多。即便对于中国年轻人来说,受害慰安妇们现在的日常生活状态依然令他们非常吃惊。战争题材的电影常着力刻画受害者悲恸欲绝、大声谴责日军的场面,然而,《二十二》中出现的是老奶奶与家人一起吃饭、看电视,并时而欢声笑语的画面。当然,她们也会浮现出与脸上深深皱纹一般深奥莫测、难以读懂的表情。在这种平静的节奏下,反而令人感受到残酷又深刻的意境。
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