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特朗普联大自诩发光的例子 美外交精英痛心疾首

2017-09-22 14:32:02   中国网

原标题:天下会|特朗普在联大举“发光的例子”,美外交精英痛心疾首

美国总统特朗普到联合国发表演讲,他能说些什么呢?联合国总部在纽约,特朗普是纽约人,但同城的便利并未能让他产生对联合国的好感。相反,长期以来,他一直都是联合国严厉的抨击者。

更重要的是,特朗普是摇着民族主义甚至民粹主义的大旗登上美国总统的宝座的,但联合国是现代国际关系中与民族主义相对立的全球主义的首要象征。让一个强烈的民族主义者到全球主义的圣殿演讲,不免有点勉为其难。但到联合国发表演讲是每个美国总统必须经历的“仪式”,大概类似于中国古人所讲的“礼仪”,特朗普也不得不勉其难而为之。

美国要做“发光的例子”

果不其然,特朗普9月19日的演讲是民族主义和全球主义的矛盾体。这一演讲的关键词无疑是“主权”:在40分钟的演讲中,特朗普不下21次提到“主权”这个概念,频率可谓极高。而“主权”多次与另外两个关键词“安全”和“繁荣”合用,显示出在特朗普心目中,美国的主权、安全和繁荣——而不是美国传统外交精英所强调的基于规则和制度的“自由主义国际秩序”——是首要国家利益。特朗普特意强调,由他主政的美国政府正在让“主权”这个现代国际关系中的核心概念重获新生,其外交的首要原则是“美国优先”。

这是特朗普演讲民族主义的一面。重申“美国优先”,既是对国内支持他的政治大本营的交代,也是借联合国的国际平台强势宣扬其外交原则。有意思的是,其民族主义有不少美国传统的外交例外论中的“孤立主义”的倾向。

美国例外论向来有两大相互矛盾的表象。一是恨不得把全世界所有国家都变成美式民主和资本主义国家的积极干涉主义和军事主义的倾向;另一是只想当个“山巅之城”的样板国家而对干涉外界事务毫无兴趣的消极孤立主义的倾向。干涉主义是20世纪以来美国外交的主流;孤立主义是从建国到19世纪的外交主流。

这次,特朗普说,美国不寻求把自己的生活方式强加于他人,而只希望其他国家把美国当作一个“发光的例子”。不同国家应有不同的价值观、文化、政治体制,但它们应在相互尊重其他国家的利益和权利的基础上合作共处。

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