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德国社民党为何乏力

2017-09-22 07:38:07   新华网

从德国大选过程中的政党表现来看,德国社会民主党可谓“高开低走”。从最初的“舒尔茨效应”到接连在几个重要的州选举中失利,再到电视辩论中表现平庸,甚至已经做好姿态,直接开出组建“大联合政府”的若干条件。这种种表现都折射出此次德国百年老党——社民党欲振乏力的困境。

  选民变化和左翼分化

有人将这种现象称为“德国式矛盾”,因为上世纪30年代经济大萧条时,大多数德国选民也没有支持主张社会公正的左派社会民主党,而让主张社群与种族主义的纳粹力量登上权力顶峰。导致这种矛盾越加突出的原因主要有:

选民基础发生了重大变化。产业工人与公司雇员是社民主义政党传统的选民基础。这些人群的普遍特征是受教育水平相对较低,在德国三大中学类型中,他们基本都毕业于普通中学与实科中学,而较少来自拥有高考资格的重点中学。在20世纪50年代,前两种中学毕业的学生占受教育人群的60%—70%。但进入20世纪90年代后,工人和小雇员等传统社民主义核心选民已成为少数,仅占整个选民群体的20%—35%。

左翼力量自身的不断分化。传统的欧洲政治格局是社会党人和基督教民主党人的二元结构,但是伴随着经济增长与人民需求的不断变化,社会民主党垄断左翼力量的情况被打破,主张环保与安全的绿党以及民粹主义政党异军突起。德国左翼阵营目前已“一分为三”:传统的社民党只占50%,生态政党、绿党约占25%,民粹主义政党约占25%。这造成左翼力量削弱,社民党的声势与实力大不如前。

  对福利主义疑虑重重

第三个原因是“新中间道路”的负面影响。十多年前,欧洲社会民主党盛行所谓的“第三条道路”,即向中间靠拢,布莱尔的“新工党”为其典型,德国前总理施罗德也是“第三条道路”的拥趸。这样固然在一段时间内获得了中间派的选票,但中间选民的态度其实还是与政党的执政情况相联系,得到容易,失去也很容易。另一方面,这种做法却大大开罪了党内铁杆左派,加速了左翼力量分裂。施罗德政府减少福利的制度改革,就导致大批原来的社民党基本群众流失。虽然德国经济今天状态良好应该归功于施罗德的改革,但让其在当年选战中失分不少,最后改革的桃子被默克尔摘取。

当然,最根本的原因还在于,全球化浪潮使选民对“欧洲福利主义社会模式是否具有可持续性”产生了重大疑问。在欧洲面临危机与挑战的今天,不解决这个问题,欧洲社会民主党将难以扭转颓势。

(作者梁锡江,系上海外国语大学德语系教授、中德人文交流研究中心副主任)

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