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巴西“储蓄热” 会否昙花一现?

2017-09-13 09:21:36   中国经济网

对喜欢超前消费的巴西人来说,存钱着实是件难事。巴西信用保护服务机构和巴西全国零售商协会公布的调查结果显示,约有65%的巴西人没有银行存款。然而就在刚刚过去的8月,巴西人的储蓄额竟比提款额多出了21.4亿雷亚尔,创造了2013年以来储蓄净流入的月最高值。储蓄额高于提款额,这在许多国家司空见惯,然而在巴西,一不留神就刷新了纪录。

2015年时,巴西信用保护局和巴西店主联合会曾发布一项调查,调查结果显示巴西有将近四成人是“月光族”:生活水平高于收入标准,在有突发事件的情况下还会出现赤字。今年,巴西信用保护服务机构和巴西全国零售商协会又发布了一项调查,结果显示伴随巴西近两年的经济衰退,“月光族”的队伍逐渐壮大,时至今年“月光族”的比例从四成扩大到六成多,约有65%的巴西人没有银行存款。

为何不存钱的人越来越多?巴西信用保护服务机构首席经济学家玛塞拉·德卡瓦略认为,巴西人不存钱和巴西的经济危机关系密切,巴西近两年的经济危机导致失业率和通胀率上升,居民的收入缩水,存款能力也随之下降。数据也印证了这一观点。今年一季度巴西失业人口超过1400万,与之对应,一季度巴西储蓄总额减少174亿雷亚尔,低于去年同期。

经济危机让巴西人的钱包“瘦身”,高通胀率使得巴西人的实际收入减少,而高失业率迫使许多家庭不得不从储蓄中拿出部分资金来弥补支出。2015年巴西提款额比储蓄额多了535亿雷亚尔,2016年流失储蓄额407亿雷亚尔,创造了1995年开始调查以来的两个低分。收支腹背受敌,储蓄就更无从谈起。

好在今年二季度以来,巴西人的理财迎来了拐点。由于通胀率的下降以及基础利率的调低,固定基金的收益下降,投资者重新将目光投向储蓄。与此同时,工龄保证金得以提取,也有助于增加储蓄。二季度以来,储蓄额逐渐高于提款额,巴西央行数据显示,8月份巴西的储蓄总额为1796.8亿雷亚尔,提款额为1775.3亿雷亚尔,储蓄额比提款额多出了约21.4亿雷亚尔,连续4个月储蓄额高于提款额,创造了2013年以来储蓄净流入的月最高值。然而四连涨背后,今年前8个月巴西的储蓄净流入仍为-78.1亿雷亚尔,出入之间仍难平衡。可尽管如此,这已经是2013年以来的最好表现。

不过,随着巴西经济的回暖,巴西的储蓄净流入并不一定会持续增加。除了无钱可存的群体之外,对有能力理财的巴西人来说,到银行储蓄也并非唯一方式,投资基金和国债也是常见的选择。巴西国家财务、管理及会计协会认为,进行投资时投资者会选择收益率更高的投资方法,相较储蓄,大部分基金的固定收益率比较高,储蓄的低收益率导致储蓄不断流失。

9月6日,巴西央行货币政策委员会宣布将巴西基准利率由9.25%调低至8.25%,这是巴西央行连续第8次调低利率,该利率值降至了4年以来的最低水平。根据巴西2012年以来实施的规定,当基础利率低于8.5%时会调低储蓄利率,这样一来储蓄的收益也会随之下降,这无疑又将在一定程度上降低储蓄的竞争力。

不过专家同时也指出,投资基金除了要承担一定的风险之外,还需要缴纳所得税,大部分基金还要缴纳管理费。相较之下,储蓄不仅风险小,还不用申报所得税,在某些情况下储蓄仍然是好的选择。(陈晓婉)

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