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无爆炸风险的水基锂离子电池或将走向实用

2017-09-07 13:01:49   新华网

新华社华盛顿9月6日电(记者林小春)美国华人科学家6日说,他们研制出一种基于水基电解液的新型锂离子电池,不仅消除了传统锂离子电池的爆炸风险,且能量密度达到传统锂离子电池水平,朝着安全锂离子电池实用化方向迈出一大步。

这项工作由美国马里兰大学的王春生教授、杨重寅博士以及美国陆军研究实验室资深化学家许康等人合作完成,论文发表在美国细胞出版社旗下《焦耳》杂志上。

“这是第一次实现水基电解液的4伏级电池,从原理上说是很重大的基础性突破。”杨重寅等人在给记者的一份电子邮件中说。他们解释说,传统商用化锂离子电池使用极易燃的有机电解液,安全隐患严重。而用不可燃的水基电解液替换有机电解液的问题在于,前者电化学稳定窗口一般小于2伏,一旦电极电压超过这个数字,电解液就失去稳定,因此能量密度受限。

他们解释说,最新研究的关键在于避免锂金属或石墨电极直接接触水基电解液中的水分子而导致还原产氢。为此,他们开发出一种非常疏水的胶体保护层材料,均匀包覆在电极表面,有效防止了水分解副反应导致的电极失效。

更关键的是,他们发现,在最初的充放电循环中,保护层中特定组分在负极表面原位形成更为致密疏水的固体电解液界面层,进一步钝化了负极表面,并且这一固体界面层可在局部破损情况下自我修复,保证了电池的长期稳定性。

王春生和许康等人指出,该研究成果为研发高电压窗口的安全水基锂离子电池提供了新方向和思路。从基础科学意义上看,“稳定的4伏水基电解液可以给各种电化学装置带来许多新机会”。同时,水基锂离子电池可省去传统锂离子电池中必不可少的安全装置,进一步降低了电池组件重量。

他们强调,目前的研究还只是实验室中的概念验证,距离商业化还有相当长的一段路要走。下一步,他们计划进一步优化和完善电解液保护层材料化学成分和电池结构,并提高电池循环寿命,从现在70到100个循环提高到500个循环以上的商用化标准。

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