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“金砖+”令金砖机制 更有生命力

2017-09-07 09:37:05   中国经济网

□崔凡

众所周知,金砖国家之名肇始于2001年高盛首席经济学家吉姆·奥尼尔论及新兴市场投资的研究报告。不少人感到疑惑,这样一个投资概念是怎么演化成为一个有影响的国家间合作机制的呢?金砖国家之间没有共同的历史文化渊源,没有共同的社会制度,经济结构有很大不同,也并非全都在地理上邻近,他们之间有什么共同的合作基础呢?

金砖国家有三个共同特点:一是规模大,都是在全球或者至少在本地区具有影响力的大国;二是都是发展中国家;三是经济增长速度快,或者至少一度具有高增速,都具有很大的经济潜力。金砖机制本质上是一个大型发展中国家协调机制。随着当代全球治理体系的演进,金砖机制的产生是必然的,即使当年没有人创造出BRIC这个名词,它也迟早会以其他面目出现。这里仅从经济合作的角度来说明这一点。

上个世纪六十年代,随着非洲国家纷纷独立,发展中国家追求经济独立和经济发展的要求十分迫切。为了改变不利的国际制度环境,发展中国家推动了联合国贸发会议的创立,使关贸总协定增加了促进发展的条文,促使联合国通过了支持建立国际经济新秩序的文件。在这种背景下,发展中国家通过不结盟运动维护自己的政治独立,通过建立七十七国集团,在联合国贸发会议等机构中协调立场、共同发声。这些努力取得了一些成果,但总体来说收效甚微。国际经贸规则的制定权基本上被发达国家控制,多边贸易体系的走向完全由美国、欧盟、加拿大和日本组成的四方会议(Quad)主导,而金融财政秩序则由七国集团(G7)把控。

从上个世纪末开始,特别是本世纪初中国加入世界贸易组织以来,发展中国家尤其是新兴市场国家的经济发展给他们带来了更多的话语权。世贸组织举行小型部长会议的那个绿屋子不再由四方所独占,小型部长会议逐渐向越来越多的发展中国家开放,尽管在历次会议中,得以参加的成员已经有约40个,但真正具有较大影响力的发展中国家仍然屈指可数,中国、印度、巴西、南非是其中最活跃的代表,俄罗斯则是近期才加入世贸组织。中、印、巴西、南非虽然在经济利益上也有不同的诉求,但作为发展阶段类似的国家,在许多经济问题上都持有相近的观点。特别是在气候问题上,四国立场非常相近,于是形成了基础四国(BASIC),采取共同立场。金砖机制也在此前后逐渐形成并且完善。

作为对全球经济治理影响最重要的论坛,G20与世贸组织小型部长会议一样都具有一定的封闭性,其成员均为发达国家或者大型发展中国家。发达国家自身具有成熟的政策立场协调机制,经济合作发展组织是常设机构,G7会议每年举行。相对而言,发展中国家的协调机制非常弱,七十七国集团加中国模式从上个世纪九十年代以来发挥了一定作用,但130多个国家的协调成本极高,无法适应当前全球经济治理结构的决策机制。在这种情况下,大型发展中国家在不断的磨合协调过程中最终产生一个政策协调机制是必然的。

中国今年提出的“金砖+”机制,是使金砖机制更有生命力的创举。“金砖+”机制应该是一个分层的协调机制,既有核心大型发展中国家成员,也吸纳其他形式的成员、观察员、对话国。既控制其协调成本,又使其更具影响力。“金砖+”机制的进一步发展应该以吸纳G20其他发展中成员为重点,争取在每次G20会议前主要发展中经济体都能像G7成员那样形成一定的共识。

金砖机制是当代全球治理体系演进的必然产物。尽管金砖国家政治安全合作、经济合作和文化合作都是其重要的合作内容,金砖国家应该把通过协调立场从而提高发展中国家在全球治理体系中的话语权作为其核心目标。

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