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日本大学今不如昔 源于自民党政治政策出了问题

2017-09-06 09:05:46   新华网

为增强日本教育的国际存在感,2015年的时候,日本政府制定文化输出战略,拟向世界经济新兴国家输出“日式教育”,首先选择越南等东南亚国家先行先试。政府还从2016年度财政预算中拿出1.5亿日元,支持外务省、经产省和教育企业等共同成立合作平台,专门推动日式教育的海外拓展事业。

但是,日本教育自身却正在出现一些令人忧虑的迹象。

《日本经济新闻》8月1日报道说,日本文部科学省的专家会议提出了一项报告,建议对全日本的公立师范院校和综合大学师范系、科(共44家)进行裁撤、缩编或合并。这种缩小师资培养体系规模的政策实属罕见。报道称,2016年,日本公办中小学教员录用人数约为2.3万人;伴随少子化问题加剧,10年后这一数字将减半,降至1.2万人左右。

与此同时,日本政府高举起大幅增加律师、法官等法律人才的大旗。《朝日新闻》7月31日报道称,最高峰时,日本全国高校的法学研究生院多达74家;如今,其中的39家面临着停办或停招的命运。该报道称,文部科学省2015年开始实施司法考试合格率与政府补贴挂钩的政策,以至于当年就有13家法学研究生院停招。同时,46%的法学专业生源却集中到东京大学、京都大学、早稻田大学、庆应义塾大学等名校的法学研究生院。该报道指出,日本政府对法律人才需求(实际趋势)存在误判。2002年,因应经济全球化与知识产权领域需求的扩大,日本政府判断,未来律师人才可能供不应求,于是通过内阁会议,确定将每年司法考试合格者数量目标从1200名提高到3000名。一时间,各大学纷纷设立法学研究生院,以提升大学自身品牌。截至2016年,日本政府为此共投入了964亿日元财政补贴。但事实上,法律人才的实际需求却未见增长,比如说,2015年法院受理案件约353万宗,比2004年还减少了四成。而且,法学研究生院毕业生的司法考试合格率目前仅为15%,远低于预期的70%到80%。

《东京新闻》8月15日报道说,青山学院大学近年不断削减法学研究生院教员,并已经决定停招。2017年度,该校法学院有教员14名,在读生却只有29名。校长三木义一就停招问题解释说,维持一家法学研究生院,当然需要聘用多名教员;但不论怎么努力,经营上都出现了亏空。

日本前外交官、作家孙崎享,8月31日在东京的一次演讲中提到,上世纪六七十年代,日本迅速发展成为经济大国,原因何在?美国前总统卡特的顾问布热津斯基曾分析认为,那是因为当时的日本拥有诸多强项和优势。但是,时至今日,日本这些强项和优势几乎全部被逆转或超越,首先就是教育。过去,日本的教育水准放在全世界也是非常出色的;可现在,在世界大学排位中,东京大学的名次已被不少亚洲国家或地区的大学超越,包括新加坡国立大学、中国清华大学等。可以说,日本的大学已经不再站在亚洲最顶端了。不仅如此,据说北海道某大学近期一次裁减教员两三百人;一些大学由于财政困难,开始转而聘用薪酬较低的教员。

孙崎享认为,“说到底,这是自民党政权(的政治和政策)出了问题”。

孙崎享在上述演讲中还提到,日本每年分摊驻日美军经费约为7612亿日元,这笔庞大的费用负担,哪怕能降到德国分摊的在德美军经费同等水平,节余部分就足够实现日本大学教育正常化了,根本不用通过修宪来实现。“所以啊,为了这笔(在日美军经费分摊经费)预算获得通过,(美国)需要东亚(地区安全局势)的不安定”。

2015年,安倍政府出台了“安全保障技术研究推进制度”,变相鼓励日本高校及研究机构参与研发军民两用技术,同时以巨额研究资金资助为诱饵,招募“可用于防卫的先进民生技术”研究项目。据悉,2015年防卫省为该制度划拨预算3亿日元,2016年翻倍为6亿日元,2017年陡增18倍至110亿日元。与此同时,日本政府的整体科研经费却不断压缩。

要使人顺从,先令其穷困。或许正是安倍当局驱动日本的大学和研究机构再次染指乃至陷身于军事的内在逻辑。(记者 张建墅)

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