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德国大选电视辩论,默克尔占上风

2017-09-05 09:00:44   新华网

9月3日晚,德国联邦总理、基民盟主席默克尔和其挑战者、社民党主席舒尔茨进行了一场电视辩论,这是两大党总理候选人大选前的首次、也是唯一一次公开交锋。

  聚焦难民融入问题

德国大选前的电视辩论肇始于2002年,由德国两大国家电视台——德国电视一台和德国电视二台以及两家德国私人电视台——RTL电视台和德国卫星一台联合推出,迄今已举行五届。今年的辩论形式与2013年类似,即四家电视台分别选送一位主持人,就移民、外交、社会公平和内政四大议题轮流向联盟党(基民盟与姊妹党基社盟合称联盟党)和社民党两大党的总理候选人提问,时长为90分钟。

本次电视辩论的焦点之一落在移民和难民问题上。舒尔茨指责默克尔2015年在难民问题上犯下错误,且一意孤行,迫使匈牙利、波兰等邻国接受难民。默克尔坚称接收难民之举正确,她认为移民不是德国的“威胁”,而是“任务”和“挑战”。在难民融入问题上,舒尔茨表示,100多万难民的融入是一项艰难的任务,需要时间的累积和教育的力量。外交方面,舒尔茨明确表示应终止土耳其的入盟谈判,而默克尔则认为这一问题应由欧盟成员国集体决定。双方均表示应使用外交手段和平解决伊朗、朝鲜等问题。内政问题则涉及“柴油门”、同性恋婚姻、双国籍制度、对前总理施罗德供职于俄罗斯公司的评价、反恐措施等议题。此外,辩论几乎完全没有涉及教育、国防、环保、经济发展等领域,这也引起部分反对党的不满。从现场表现来看,有过多次电视辩论经验的默克尔全程沉着冷静、侃侃而谈,而第一次登台的舒尔茨则显得有几分紧张,但言辞依然充满攻击性。

电视辩论结束后,双方阵营均高调宣称本党候选人获胜。实时公布的民调或许更能说明问题。德国电视二台的民调显示,32%的受访者认为默克尔发挥更好,29%的受访者认为舒尔茨表现更佳,其余39%则表示双方没有太大区别。另据德国电视一台的民调,默克尔以55%的支持率远胜舒尔茨的35%; 在可信度、受欢迎程度、执政能力等几个指数上,默克尔均领先舒尔茨,而舒尔茨仅在促进社会公平这一议题上以较大优势领先默克尔。唯一令社民党候选人感到欣慰的是,55%的受访者认为舒尔茨在电视辩论中的表现好于预期,且44%的受访者表示对舒尔茨的看法有所改善。在总理候选人本人的支持率上,舒尔茨也由辩论前的33%上升到39%。应该说,默克尔凭借其执政红利和丰富的经验在辩论中占得上风,但舒尔茨也抓住本次电视辩论的机会,提升了自己在选民中的好感度。

  双方相似性多于区分度

在笔者看来,这场电视辩论并不能左右多数选民的最终决定,因为双方执政理念上的相似性要多于区分度。两位候选人在接纳高素质难民、采用外交方法解决伊朗和朝鲜问题、增加警力、应对恐怖袭击的措施、穆斯林融入、废除柴油发动机年限、延长退休年龄等多个核心议题上观点趋同,更有评论称此次辩论是“一场大联合政府式的对话”。的确,四年的大联盟执政,让联盟党和社民党在施政方针上趋同,默克尔更是靠着吸纳社民党的部分执政理念而在政坛左右逢源。而四年后的今天,站在大选门槛上的德国两大政党为了争取选民,又费尽心思地在竞选纲领上与对手有所区别,但两党在税收、退休金、国防政策等方面的差异似乎显得有些微不足道。

舒尔茨在辩论中表现尚可,但他在辩论中未能向选民展现出担任总理的更大优势,无法真正给树大根深、政绩卓著的默克尔施加压力,故难以借此挽救本党在大选中的颓势。

(马绎 作者系上海外国语大学中德人文交流研究中心特约研究员)

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