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肠道菌群对预防1型糖尿病至关重要

2017-09-02 11:30:57   新华网

新华社北京9月2日电 一个国际科研小组发现,肠道菌群对预防实验鼠患上1型糖尿病至关重要。如果缺乏正常菌群,抑制该疾病的基因就无法正常发挥作用。

人体免疫系统必须准确甄别入侵者和自身细胞,既不能漏过“敌人”,也不能冤枉“自己人”。1型糖尿病是一种常见的自体免疫疾病,患者免疫系统会错误地攻击自身的胰岛细胞,使其无法正常生产胰岛素。

此前研究发现,多数脊椎动物都拥有一组“守护基因”,叫作主要组织相容性复合体(MHC),在人体内的版本称为人类白细胞抗原(HLA),它们负责使免疫系统识别自身细胞,避免自体免疫疾病。但这些基因怎样发挥作用,人们还不清楚。

美国哈佛大学医学院研究人员及意大利同行在新一期美国《国家科学院学报》上发表报告说,他们培养了一批实验鼠,既携带增加1型糖尿病风险的基因,也携带一个能抑制该疾病的守护基因。正常情况下,守护基因能发挥保护作用,压制致病基因。

实验发现,如果在实验鼠出生后6周之内施用抗生素,或者在无菌环境中培养,妨碍幼鼠建立正常的肠道菌群,其胰岛细胞就会出现严重炎症,这是1型糖尿病发作的先兆。此外,在母鼠分娩前10天内施用抗生素,也会使幼鼠丧失对1型糖尿病的抵抗力。在幼鼠出生6周之后施用抗生素就没有这种后果。

研究人员说,这意味着针对1型糖尿病的守护基因需要正常肠道菌群才能发挥作用,因此对新生儿和孕妇使用抗生素应当格外谨慎,避免在婴儿建立肠道菌群的关键时期造成干扰。

这一发现提出了MHA/HLA守护基因发挥作用的一种模式,至于其他守护基因是否采用类似模式运作,尚需进一步验证。

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