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科普:蚂蚁会给植物“施肥”

2017-09-01 15:11:25   新华网

新华社北京9月1日电 丹麦科学家实验发现,一种生活在树上的蚂蚁能通过排泄物给咖啡树的叶片“施肥”,这一现象可能对植物生长乃至生态环境有着重要影响,但此前一直不为人知。

植物与蚂蚁互利共生的现象十分常见,许多植物会分泌蜜汁吸引蚂蚁,蚂蚁则为植物驱赶或捕食害虫,蚁巢能改善周围土壤,给植物提供营养。不过热带地区很多蚂蚁生活在树上而不在地面筑巢,它们是否能给植物带来额外养分,人们对此了解较少。

丹麦奥胡斯大学的研究人员在英国《生态学杂志》上报告说,他们在温室中种植咖啡树,观察黄猄蚁对树苗生长的影响。结果发现,蚂蚁排泄物是一个重要的氮肥来源,可以被树叶吸收。

黄猄蚁是一种凶猛的树栖蚂蚁,广泛分布于热带和亚热带地区,擅长捕食昆虫,常被用于治理果树害虫。研究人员给树林中央的一棵咖啡树投放黄猄蚁,并在部分树木之间拉起“吊桥”,使蚂蚁可通过吊桥迁徙到其他树上。地面则被水覆盖,防止蚂蚁从地面迁徙。

研究人员给黄猄蚁的饲料中添加含同位素氮-15的氨基酸,追踪这种同位素的去向,发现在蚂蚁能通过吊桥到达的树苗中,叶片氮含量较高,树冠长势比蚂蚁无法到达的树苗要好。在蚂蚁能到达的树上,即使叶片被塑料袋包裹,无法直接接触蚂蚁排泄物,其含氮量也较高,说明其他叶片吸收了排泄物的氮肥,输送到这些叶片里。

研究人员说,这显示树栖蚂蚁能稳定地给植物提供养分,对生态环境有重要意义。

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