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巴西环保新主张 回收烟头造纸

2017-08-27 17:05:44   新华网

新华社巴西利亚8月26日电(记者 张启畅 张武岳)在巴西不少城市的街头,有许多挂在路边、配有圆形小孔的绿色铁制烟头回收盒。吸烟者可以将烟头投入其中,回收的烟头被送往工厂处理用来造纸。这是巴西利亚大学提出的变废为宝环保新主张,正在全国逐步推广。

“烟头造纸”项目负责人、巴西利亚大学教授泰蕾兹·霍夫曼介绍,这一想法最早在2002年由艺术学院的一名学生提出,随后霍夫曼和这名学生调查了解到,全世界对烟头回收的先例并不多。两人经过几次试验,发现烟头里的有机成分和纸浆十分相似。

经过一年努力,霍夫曼2003年向巴西全国工业产权协会注册了烟头回收造纸的专利,并在2014年与位于圣保罗州的一家公司签订了专利许可协议,由该公司具体负责烟头回收和处理。目前巴西多个城市都已安放了烟头回收盒,如巴西利亚、圣保罗、坎皮纳斯等。

在实验室里,霍夫曼向记者展示了烟头回收后的处理过程。“处理过程中,最重要的是如何将烟头无害化,并去掉烟味。”

据霍夫曼介绍,吸烟过程中,很大一部分有害物质已经进入了空气,但烟头里仍然存留了一部分。为去除剩余的有害物质,需要将烟头清洗后放入一个容器,加入水和氢氧化钠等碱性物质,随后加热。加热的时间根据烟头数量而定,通常为数小时。

她说:“烟头中最主要部分的滤嘴由醋酸纤维素构成。加热完毕后,排出渣液,剩下的就是纤维了,是纸的重要原料。”经过加热、排水、搅拌、压缩、晾干等工序,原来烟头中的有害物质已基本去除,烟头变为造纸原料。

尽管用烟头“造出”的纸在色泽、手感等方面和工业生产的纸张有一定差距,但霍夫曼的团队已经用这些纸张做出了贺卡、请帖、纸盒、笔记本封皮等物品,还利用技术手段使纸张呈现出不同的色彩。她说:“目前不少社会团体和政府部门在举办活动时,已经用上了来源于烟头的纸张,受到大家欢迎。”

除利用烟头外,巴西央行淘汰出市场的纸币也成了回收造纸的原料。霍夫曼说,由于污损或破坏,纸币寿命通常为几年,现在有了回收的渠道,这些退出流通领域的纸币也能废物利用了。

霍夫曼说:“人们吸完烟,往往随手一丢烟头。我们的技术虽然听上去不复杂,但却能使原本成为垃圾的烟头派上用场。我们希望建立一条回收产业链,使废物利用的环保理念为大家所知。”

霍夫曼希望未来与其他国家相关机构交流合作,共同利用烟头造纸,她特别希望能与纸的起源国——中国一起做到这点。

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