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新闻分析:阿富汗战事何以成美国“鸡肋”

2017-08-23 15:08:25   新华网

新华社北京8月23日电 新闻分析:阿富汗战事何以成美国“鸡肋”

新华社记者邵杰

“鸡肋”一词源于中国典故,用于形容一件既不想继续做下去又不愿轻易放弃的事情。持续16年之久的阿富汗战事似乎已经成了美国的一个“鸡肋”,而根本原因在于美国不愿意偏离其一贯遵循的以战争来结束战争的老路,不愿意完全放弃主导权,让当地人民解决问题。

美国总统特朗普21日说,他在权衡从阿富汗撤军和继续作战之间的利弊之后,决定让美军继续“为胜利而战”。特朗普在讲话中承认这一决定并非其初衷。他说,与大多数美国人一样,他对于美国深陷阿富汗战争泥潭感到沮丧,最初想法是从阿富汗撤军,但在仔细研究之后,认为匆忙撤军会使得“伊斯兰国”和“基地”等恐怖组织迅速填补权力真空。

特朗普强调,美国在阿富汗取得胜利的标志包括打击敌人、消灭“伊斯兰国”和“基地”组织以及杜绝针对美国的大规模恐怖袭击。不过,特朗普对于如何取得上述胜利语焉不详。他笼统地表示,美国将整合外交、经济和军事力量,并对在将来达成一个包括塔利班在内的政治解决方案持开放态度。

阿富汗是美国打响“反恐战争”的第一个战场。特朗普也一再强调,美国在阿富汗的主要敌人是恐怖分子。但是西方很多专家认为,阿富汗战事名义上是中东南亚地区反恐战争的一个组成部分,但实质上更像是传统形态的游击战争。在这场战争中,被美国作为主要打击对象的武装组织经常化整为零,频频在美军预想不到的地方发动突然袭击,防不胜防。

针对恐怖组织的重要头目,美军可以采取定点清除等特种作战方式。但是对于采取游击战术的武装组织,美军向来缺乏有效办法。武装分子在当地容易藏匿起来,与美军长期周旋。相比之下,美军在军事行动中同当地民众保持距离,而且还一再“误伤”当地民众,把越来越多民众推向对立面。据西方媒体报道,目前,塔利班的势力范围已经扩大至全国总面积的43%。

另据报道,特朗普7月19日在白宫与其国家安全团队高级成员举行的一次会议上表示,“我们没有在赢得这场战争”。他当场要求国防部长马蒂斯、参谋长联席会议主席邓福德考虑将美军驻阿富汗部队司令、陆军上将约翰·尼克尔森解职。

前美国驻阿富汗、以色列和联合国大使詹姆斯·坎宁安日前在美国《国家利益》杂志网站撰文指出,美国要结束阿富汗战事绝非易事,但是美国又承担不起失败的代价。“无论对朋友还是对敌人而言,阿富汗的失败都会被普遍视为美国的失败”。这番话恰如其分地反映出美国在阿富汗进退两难的困境。

美国一直没有把阿富汗人民视为可以争取的对象和可以依靠的盟友,而是从美国自身利益出发,主导和控制阿富汗问题的解决进程。正如坎宁安所言,“主张让阿富汗人自己解决问题的人,需要仔细考虑如何为这样做的后果辩解”。

但是,如果阿富汗人民无法主导阿富汗问题的解决进程,那里的问题和战事怎么可能彻底解决呢。对于一心想牢牢把握主导权的美国来说,阿富汗战事成为“鸡肋”也就不足为奇了。

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