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专访:北美自贸协定重谈进程恐难速决——访美国国际贸易问题专家肖特

2017-08-18 14:21:39   新华网

新华社华盛顿8月17日电 专访:北美自贸协定重谈进程恐难速决——访美国国际贸易问题专家肖特

新华社记者高攀 金旼旼

美国智库彼得森国际经济研究所高级研究员、知名国际贸易问题专家杰弗里·肖特日前接受新华社记者专访时表示,鉴于重谈北美自贸协定的议程广泛、敏感议题分歧较大以及明年墨西哥和美国选举因素的影响,整个谈判进程很可能会拖延至2019年。

美国、加拿大、墨西哥三国日前在华盛顿就重谈北美自贸协定开启首轮谈判。长期关注贸易谈判的肖特对此表示,重谈并非要就一项全新的贸易协定展开谈判,而是要对这个20多年的旧贸易协定进行“现代化升级”,增加一些新的内容。他预计,三国谈判官员将在本周的首轮谈判中花费大量时间解释各自对北美自贸协定“现代化”的理解,同时会就一系列谈判议题提交文本草案。

美国贸易代表莱特希泽日前在谈判开幕时提出,将减少贸易逆差和增加制造业就业作为重谈的重要目标。肖特认为,特朗普政府要实现这两大目标无异于缘木求鱼。从经济学上来讲,双边贸易逆差并不值得担忧,同时贸易协定对一国贸易平衡的影响非常有限。减少贸易逆差应更多考虑调整美国的财政、货币政策和提高劳动生产率,改变美国的投资和消费行为。

肖特表示,美国制造业就业岗位减少已有相当长的时间,这在很大程度上是由生产方式变化和技术进步造成的,并不能归咎于贸易协定。他指出,当前美国制造业不但没有衰落而且非常健康,制造业产出正接近历史最高水平就证明了这一点,只是与过去相比,实现同样产出需要的制造业工人大幅减少。

他坦诚,美国政府并未解决好对制造业失业工人的援助和再就业问题,导致这个问题越变越大,最后引发强烈的政治反弹。但“抱怨机器人或者外国贸易伙伴”并不能解决问题,这是美国“自己的功课未做好”。

谈到重谈北美自贸协定的争议问题,肖特认为政府采购规定、原产地规则和争端解决机制是谈判的难点。他指出,特朗普政府希望大幅改变北美自贸协定中现有的争端解决机制,但加拿大和墨西哥政府极力反对,这可能会成为三方在本周谈判中的首个矛盾爆发点。

考虑到明年将迎来墨西哥总统选举和美国国会中期选举,美加墨三方都希望快速完成谈判,一些政府官员甚至提出明年初完成谈判的时间表。但肖特认为,北美自贸协定重谈涉及的议题复杂而广泛,三国要在未来几个月就整个谈判议程达成一致将非常困难,明年初完成谈判的概率非常小。鉴于明年墨西哥和美国的政治局势变化会令谈判官员作出必要妥协受到很大限制,他认为整个谈判进程很可能会被拖延到2019年。

谈到美国国会对北美自贸协定的态度,肖特认为,许多美国国会议员都对北美自贸协定的现状满意。

“如果你问许多美国国会议员,他们都会说他们所在的选区从北美自贸协定中获益,非常不情愿看到北美自贸协定被改变,因为他们明白重新谈判可能会带来潜在损失。即便不知道潜在损失是什么,他们也会担心谈判带来的不确定性上升会对投资产生负面影响。”他说。

莱特希泽表示,关于北美自贸协定重谈,特朗普政府对于修改几个条款或者更新几个章节并不感兴趣,而要寻求对协定作出重大改变。对于如果谈判成果低于预期或者谈判破裂,特朗普政府会否真的退出北美自贸协定,肖特说,北美自贸协定的每个成员都拥有退出协定的权利,只要提前6个月通知其他成员,但退出对三个成员而言代价都非常高。

他指出,美加墨三国产业链已高度整合,三国相互之间都拥有巨大投资,任何试图改变或者破坏现有供应链和生产网络的行为都会对三国生产和就业产生极大影响,最终给三国经济造成严重伤害。

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