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因白人种族主义者集会引起的暴力冲突,弗吉尼亚州夏洛茨维尔这个美国南方小城被推上风口浪尖。近年来美国白人至上思潮加剧,右翼势力抬头,夏洛茨维尔事件只是其中一个突出表现。
白人种族主义思想和歧视行为是当代美国种族问题的核心。根据非政府组织“南方贫困法律中心”2017年研究报告,2016年美国全国的仇恨组织(大多针对种族、宗教、性别等)有917个,其中白人种族主义团体如三K党、白人民族主义团体占了6成以上。白人至上运动不仅存在,且其蔓延方式也变得“现代化”,不再局限于集会和暴力行动,还利用网络传播仇恨情绪,互相联络。
造成美国社会白人种族主义抬头的因素很多,除了“9·11”事件、金融危机、奥巴马成为美国首位非裔总统等直接导火索,更长期的原因在于:因移民潮导致的少数族裔人口增加以及白人人口老龄化、少子化等,上世纪末以来,美国白人人口急剧下降。预计2043年前后,美国白人人口比例将不足50%。面对人口结构变化,美国白人没有心理准备,加之制造业萎缩等因素,白人把焦虑和愤怒都算到少数族裔和移民身上,政府优待少数族裔的政策也构成了对白人的“逆向歧视”,于是2016年大选中出现了白人“最后一搏”。
得到大量白人蓝领支持的特朗普上台后对少数族裔怎样呢?颁布禁穆令、取消对非法移民提供庇护的城市的财政补助、搜捕严打非法移民、取代家庭团聚原则等等。夏洛茨维尔骚乱后,特朗普也没特别谴责白人种族主义者。本质上讲,选举政治“套牢”了特朗普的立场,白人种族主义已对美国社会甚至美国政治形成了绑架。
统计显示,当下美国反穆斯林事件较2015年骤增57%,反犹事件在2017年头三个月较去年同期增加86%。可以想见,如果特朗普政府经济政策迟迟不见成效,而其社会政策又不能做出适时调整,随着美国社会贫富差距继续加大,美国国内种族关系将会更加恶化。(姬虹 中国社会科学院美国研究所研究员、博士生导师)
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