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外媒:童年时智商越高 老年患病而亡的风险越低

2017-08-07 09:04:30   中国青年网

最近,《英国医学》杂志发表了一项研究,研究调查了志愿者们11岁时的智商测试成绩,以及他们老年时罹患冠心病、中风、癌症等疾病的情况。在排除了诸如性别和经济地位等多种混淆因素后,研究者发现,童年时智商越高,79岁以后罹患疾病而亡的风险越低。结论是,智商和寿命之间的相关性可能很大程度上依赖于高智商群体对患病风险因子有提前的认知。

姑且假设,高智商群体受过比较好的教育,所以是高知识人群。他们的健康和卫生知识有利于他们尽早采取措施,所以能较好地预防患病风险。但是,一个人老了,不仅身体会得病,思维也会迟钝和糊涂。如果说知识对察觉身体异状有用,那么,知识对察觉自己认知和思维能力衰退也同样有用吗?

因为年老而认知和思维衰退,这种“变糊涂”也就是所谓的“老糊涂”,也能有同样的作用吗?老糊涂到底是一种怎样的认知和思维衰退呢?

两千多年前,苏格拉底就已经对老年智力衰退与语言的关系发生兴趣。他认为,人的智力与记忆的关系比与语言更为本质。他在《斐德罗篇》(Phaedrus)中说,只有“头脑简单之人”才会认为书面记录“胜过同样内容的见闻和回忆”。通过口头演说“铭刻在学习者灵魂中的智慧词句”远远胜过墨水写下的字词。尽管苏格拉底提出,对字母的依赖会改变人的头脑,而且不是让头脑变得更好,但他承认,书写可以是一种“抵抗老年健忘的帮助记忆手段”,具有捕捉人的思想的实际益处。

老糊涂并不只表现为因记忆衰退而丢东落西、前做后忘,更表现在丧失了与他人交流的理解和表达能力。记忆能力是一个人智力健康的重要指标,因为记忆不仅是你记得多少往事,而且是你对事物的理解和表达能力的积淀和累积。

美国著名人文学者沃尔特·翁(Walter Ong)在《口语文化与书面文化》一书中指出,即便在柏拉图记录下他老师对写作价值的怀疑的时候,他对书面写作的作用还是肯定的。这表现在他对依靠记忆传承的口头诗歌的批评中。柏拉图看到,书面写作的逻辑、严格和自我完足在智能方面为人类文明带来了巨大的好处。这种好处已经体现在他自己的写作里了。沃尔特·翁写道,“柏拉图那入木三分的哲学思维之所以可以有可能出现,唯一的原因就在于书面写作对思维过程产生的影响”。

今天,人们对书写文字与人的认知已超越了苏格拉底时代。有了文字之后,千百年间语言不断进化、发展,文字不仅成为个体记忆复杂信息的辅助手段,而且通过读写教育和实践培育发展了人的认知范围和智力深度。文字还使人与人之间彼此可以方便地交流,无远弗届。在纯口头文化中,思想受制于人类的记忆能力,知识就是人能记住的内容,而人能够记住的内容则受到头脑储存容量的限制。然而,在读写的文字文化中,思想的内容可以几乎无限地向深广扩展。

今天,“读写”(文字素养)已经不再是狭义的读和写,而是扩展为更为广义的“素养”, 不仅包括文字的读听写说,而且包括图像理解、数学或科学概念、合理怀疑、批判思维等等方面。健康而有活力的头脑必须具有理解、判断、怀疑、想象、批判的能力,这些都是与文字有关的素养。缺乏这种素养,人就落入了一种实际的“糊涂”状态。不可否认,今天许多人有这种痴呆症状,不是因为年老而丧失了原有的素养,而是从来就不曾拥有过这种素养。他们因此一直处于糊涂状态,而浑然不觉。

糊涂人分辨不清什么是重要或不重要的、相干或不相干的、主要或次要的。他们既不能准确地理解他人的意思,也不能清晰地表达自己的想法。这种糊涂青壮年时叫愚蠢(silly),年老时叫昏聩(dotard),都是缺乏理解和判断 、头脑不清、不可理喻的意思。

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